There was no difference in AF recurrence after catheter ablation between CBA and RFCA, but significant increases of non-PV triggers and LA flutter during the second procedure suggest the importance of the atrial substrate in maintaining AF during the second procedure after previous CBA.

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is the most frequently encountered complication of peptic ulcer disease. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration are two independent risk factors for UGI bleeding. Therefore, testing for and diagnosing Hp infection are essential for every patient with UGI hemorrhage. The presence of the infection is usually underestimated in cases of bleeding peptic ulcers. A rapid urease test (RUT), with or without histology, is usually the first test performed during endoscopy. If the initial diagnostic test is negative, a delayed 13C-urea breath test (UBT) or serology should be performed. Once an infection is diagnosed, antibiotic treatment is advocated. Sufficient evidence supports the concept that Hp infection eradication can heal the ulcer and reduce the likelihood of rebleeding. With increased awareness of the effects of Hp infection, the etiologies of bleeding peptic ulcers have shifted to NSAID use, old age, and disease comorbidity.

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1-5 years) follow-up for non-paroxysmal AF ablation showing a high recurrence rate after a single procedure. 3,4 However, the data on the very-long-term (>5 years) efficacy of ablation in patients with non-paroxysmal AF, especially for those who undergo repeated ablations, is unclear. For instance, whether the efficacy of ablation can extend beyond 5 years and the risk factors for these verylate recurrences are still undetermined. In this study, we investigated the 10-year radiofrequency catheter ablation A trial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice, and catheter ablation of AF through pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, introduced more than 20 years ago, remains the cornerstone of AF ablation strategy. 1 With the improvement in technologies, the indication for catheter ablation has broadened to non-paroxysmal AF patients based on evidence showing better efficacy than antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy. 2 There have been some reports of the mid-to long-term