The immunohistochemical DHS defined a large subset of DLBCLs with double-hit biology and was strongly associated with poor outcome in patients treated with R-CHOP.

Determining the presence of MYC gene rearrangements is becoming an increasingly important part of the diagnostic workup in aggressive lymphoma. Cytogenetic MYC alterations aid in differentiating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) from Burkitt lymphoma. In addition, MYC aberrations are associated with poor prognosis in DLBCL. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and karyotyping are standard tests for detecting MYC aberrations, but these techniques are laborious and expensive. Here, we studied MYC status of 219 DLBCLs and Burkitt lymphomas using fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Overall, 15% of the cases had an MYC break. QRT-PCR analysis of MYC expression showed that 72% of DLBCLs with an MYC break had aberrantly high or low levels of MYC transcript. Excluding the cases with aberrantly low MYC expression, we found a significant positive correlation between levels of MYC transcripts and MYC tumor cells; however, QRT-PCR is not readily applicable as a screening tool. Immunohistochemically, all tumors showed a nuclear staining pattern that was simple to evaluate. The percentage of MYC lymphoma cells correlated closely with MYC rearrangement status. In all, 93% of cases with an MYC break had ≥80% MYC cells, in contrast to 3% of nonrearranged cases (P<0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed ≥70% MYC tumor cells to be the optimal cutoff (sensitivity=100%, specificity=93%). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.992, indicating that immunostaining for Myc protein is an excellent screening test to predict whether an MYC rearrangement is present.

Normalization of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) data to appropriate tissue-specific reference genes is an essential part of interpreting the results. This study aimed to determine the most appropriate reference genes for normalizing gene expressions in lymphatic tissue, represented by non-neoplastic lymph nodes and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, by using 2 statistical software applications, geNorm and NormFinder. In addition, we wanted to validate the usefulness of paraffin-embedded samples for Q-RT-PCR studies by investigating gene expressions of relevant target genes in paired frozen and paraffin-embedded samples. Moreover, we studied the impact of amplicon sizes on the efficiency of Q-RT-PCR in paraffin-embedded tissues. Six putative reference genes were tested for stability of expression in 21 pairs of snap-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph nodes and lymphomas. The genes were ranked according to their suitability as reference genes. According to both statistical approaches, beta-glucoronidase was the single most appropriate reference gene in both snap-frozen and paraffin-embedded samples. TATA box-binding protein gene and Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 gene were also highly ranked by both programs. In addition, we measured the relative expressions of 7 target genes by Q-RT-PCR, using PCR primer-probes with amplicon sizes up to 105 bases. The correlation coefficient for expression measured in matched frozen and paraffin-embedded samples was 0.93 (P<0.01) after normalization with the appropriate reference genes. Thus, we show that formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymphoid samples are suitable for Q-RT-PCR when using thoroughly validated reference genes.

Background Extranodal extension (ENE) in lymph node metastases is one of the most important prognostic factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Studies have shown inconsistency among pathologists in the assessment of ENE. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability and agreement in the assessment of ENE among Danish pathologists and (2) to test if a standardized assessment method may increase interrater agreement. Methods Four Danish head and neck pathologists assessed ENE presence or absence in 120 histological slides from lymph nodes with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma metastases (first round). Subsequently, guidelines were introduced to the pathologists and a new assessment was performed (second round). Finally, two of the pathologists assessed the slides to determine intrarater reliability and agreement (third round). Results Interrater kappa coefficients varied between 0.57 and 0.67 in the first round and between 0.59 and 0.72 in the second round. The intrarater agreement between round 2 and 3 was 0.88 for pathologist 1 and 0.92 for pathologist 2 with resulting kappa coefficients of 0.76 (95% CI 0.64-0.88) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.74-0.94), respectively. ConclusionWe found a moderate level of reliability and agreement among pathologists for ENE in lymph node metastases from oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The intrarater reliability and agreement was generally higher than interrater measures. Interrater agreement was slightly improved by standardized assessment.

Introduction: “Double-hit lymphoma” (DHL), characterized by the presence of both c-Myc and BCL-2 rearrangements, is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that is clearly associated with an inferior prognosis compared to standard risk DLBCL. DHL pts do poorly when treated with R-CHOP and typically cannot be salvaged once relapsed. Studies examining the treatment of DHL pts have been small and there is a lack of consensus in the lymphoma community as to whether DHL pts benefit from dose-escalated chemotherapy regimens in the front-line setting. To address this question, we generated pooled, meta-analytic estimates of the effectiveness of dose-escalated approaches vs. standard dose immunochemotherapy in prolonging overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in newly diagnosed DHL pts. Methods: DHL was defined by the presence of c-Myc rearrangement (FISH) in combination with BCL2 rearrangement (FISH) in pts with DLBCL or transformed follicular lymphoma. Treatment regimens included dose intensive (DI; R-Hyper-CVAD, R-CODOX-M/IVAC), intermediate dose [Dose adjusted (DA)-R-EPOCH], or standard dose (R-CHOP). PubMed, Embase, and abstracts at 3 specific congresses from 1/2009 to 6/2014 were searched using terms “lymphoma” with “DHL”, “dual hit”, “dual translocation”, “double-hit”, or “myc” and “bcl2”. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating treatment of DHL were eligible for inclusion. Studies of ≤ 10 DHL pts were excluded. Data were collected from study authors or extracted from publications as the proportions of pts surviving at specific follow-up times or individual event times. Data were synthesized to estimate the hazard ratios of higher-dose treatments relative to R-CHOP using a Weibull proportional hazards model within a Bayesian meta-analysis framework. Results: The initial search yielded 996 hits and 57 congress abstracts. After independent review by three investigators, 11 studies examining 401 pts were included in the analysis. Pts were treated with either R-CHOP (n=180), DA-R-EPOCH (n=91), or DI regimen (n=130) in the front-line setting. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics of pts between included studies or across treatment regimens (median age at diagnosis 60 years, median Ki-67 88%, 53% IPI ≥ 3). The estimated median (and 95% credible intervals [CrIs; the Bayesian analog to confidence intervals]) OS and PFS for the entire cohort were 27.8 (15.1-48.5) and 20.5 (10.9-36.0) months. No significant differences in OS (n=374) were observed among any of the treatments (estimated med OS: R-CHOP, DA-R-EPOCH and DI were 24.2, 37.5, and 29.5 months, respectively, Figure A). Estimated hazard ratios (HR) of OS were 0.77 (95% CrI: 0.50-1.11) for DA-R-EPOCH and 0.90 (95% CrI: 0.62-1.25) for DI relative to R-CHOP. The PFS (n=357) among pts receiving DA-R-EPOCH (HR 0.64, 95% CrI: 0.42-0.92) or DI (HR 0.75, 95% CrI: 0.51-1.05) was similar and DA-R-EPOCH demonstrated significant improvement over R-CHOP (estimated med PFS: R-CHOP, DA-R-EPOCH and DI of 13.9, 27.8, and 21.9, respectively, Figure B). Conclusions: In the largest study and first meta-analysis of treatment outcomes in DHL pts, we have demonstrated that dose-escalated chemotherapy was associated with a significant increase in PFS (particularly DA-R-EPOCH) which did not translate into an OS advantage. This suggests DHL is a disease of chemotherapy resistance. One can consider the use of dose-escalated front-line therapies as they can lead to a PFS advantage and that consolidation strategies should be developed to reduce the likelihood of relapse. These results highlight (1) outcomes remain poor for DHL pts regardless of the intensity of R-chemotherapy induction (2) the need for routine screening for MYC and BCL2 by FISH in DLBCL pts with high-risk features and (3) the need for prospective induction and consolidation strategies that incorporate our growing understanding of the biological basis of DHL such as combinations of novel targeted therapies and/or upfront consolidation with CAR-T-cells. Figure. Weibull meta-analysis estimates of OS (A) and PFS (B) with hazard ratios and 95% credible intervals; *in Bayesian analyses, statistically meaningful differences between treatments are not assessed by P-values, but by whether the CrI contains the value 1, indicating the probability of lower risk of event is <97.5%. Figure. Weibull meta-analysis estimates of OS (A) and PFS (B) with hazard ratios and 95% credible intervals; *in Bayesian analyses, statistically meaningful differences between treatments are not assessed by P-values, but by whether the CrI contains the value 1, indicating the probability of lower risk of event is <97.5%. Disclosures Cohen: Pharmacyclics: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; BMS: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding. Mato:Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding.