Severe odontogenic infections are routinely treated with little associated morbidity and mortality. Improvements in surgical techniques, antibiotic treatments, and imaging modalities have made associated complications exceedingly rare. A number of complications have been described in the literature including airway obstruction, descending necrotizing mediastinitis, orbital abscess, septic cavernous sinus thrombosis, cerebral abscess, sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, and Lemierre’s syndrome. The purpose of this article is to discuss the pathophysiology of severe odontogenic infections and the risk factors associated with the development of complications. Given the morbidity and mortality of these conditions, it is important to review the clinical features of each and the diagnostic tools that aid in early recognition.
Post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain (PTTNp) is a painful condition that may result from injury to the sensory division of the trigeminal nerve. Treatment of this condition is challenging and consensus on treatment to resolve neuropathic pain has yet to be standardized. Equally as challenging is the identification of surgical outcome variables to guide surgical treatment of PTTNp. This is partly due to the variability in pain characteristics, severity of nerve injury, location, and duration from injury to surgery. In those with neuropathic pain prior to microsurgical intervention, the incidence of neuropathic pain after microsurgical intervention is 67%. It is unclear why nerve repair surgery is effective in resolving or decreasing neuropathic pain in some patients, whereas it has no effect on pain relief in others. Psychological, medical, and age-related factors have been identified as risk factors for developing chronic post-surgical pain due to post-traumatic neuropathic pain. Two factors: injury to surgery time and preoperative visual analog scale score have recently been identified as variables that influence surgical outcomes in the treatment of PTTNp.
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