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The theory of human values (Schwartz, 1992) discriminated 10 basic values arrayed in a quasicircular structure. Analyses with several instruments in numerous samples supported this structure (Schwartz, 2015). The refined theory of human values (Schwartz et al. 2012, in press) discriminates 19 values in the same circle. Its support depends on one instrument, the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-R). We introduce a forced choice method, the Best-Worst Value scale (BWVr), to assess the robustness of the refined theory to method of measurement and also assess the distinctiveness and validity of a new animal-welfare value. Three studies (N=784, 439, and 383) support the theory and the new value. Study 3 also demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity of the 19 values by comparing the BWVr, the PVQ-R, and value-expressive behaviors and confirms the test-retest reliability of BWVr responses. These studies provide further information about the order of values in the value circle.

Purpose -This study aims to develop and validate a best-worst scaling (BWS) measure of preferred conflict-handling styles, named the Conflict-handling BWS (CHBWS). Design/methodology/approach -The authors conducted three studies. Study 1 consisted of a sample of psychology students (n ¼ 136) from a Canadian university and was designed to assess the convergent validity of the CHBWS by comparing it with the ROCI-II and DUTCH instruments. Study 2 consisted of a sample of psychology students (n ¼ 154) from a US university and was designed to assess the predictive validity of the CHBWS by relating conflict-handling styles to consumer complaint behavior. Study 3 consisted of a random sample of adults registered with an online survey company in Australia (n ¼ 204) and Germany (n ¼ 214). This study was designed to assess the antecedent relationship of Schwartz's personal values to conflict-handling styles. Findings -The study shows that best-worst scaling is a valid and advantageous way of measuring conflict-handling styles. The CHBWS demonstrated both convergent and predictive validity, and was able to reproduce the structure of the dual-concerns model. The study also showed that preferred conflict-handling style influences the choice of complaint behavior in a retail service failure situation. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that Schwartz's personal values can influence the preferred conflict-handling style in two individualistic cultures. Originality/value -This is the first study to measure conflict-handling style preferences using a BWS approach. Furthermore, it is the first study to relate consumer complaint behavior to preferred conflict-handling style.

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People differ in the importance they place on values. However, most research has selected a few values and examined their relationships with one or more variable(s) of interest. The current research differs as it examined subgroups of people who differ in the importance they attached to Schwartz's values. Data collected from matched samples of adult international travelers (Study 1) and young adults (Study 2) produced very similar subgroups in the United States and China that reflected Schwartz's shared motivational orientations of adjacent values in a similar manner to how we would expect individuals to differ in their personal values priorities. The subgroups had all the expected relationships with travel benefits, status consumption, and materialism in the United States and some of these expected relationships in China.Values as "desirable trans-situational goals that vary in importance, and serve as guiding principles in the life of a person or other social entity" (Schwartz, 1994, p. 21) are central to cultural and cross-cultural research. They determine what is important, guide behavior, and reflect real differences between cultures, social classes, occupations, religions, and political orientations (Kahle, 1983;Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz, 1992). Consequently, it is not surprising cross-cultural researchers consider values to be a major cause of differences across people and societies. Schwartz (1992Schwartz ( , 1994 made an important contribution when he noted the importance of understanding values as a system, rather than concentrating on individual values. However, most cross-cultural studies that examine values systems, while acknowledging that individuals may differ in their value priorities, compare means or rankings in relatively heterogeneous groups (e.g., national or ethnic groupings). These sample-level hierarchies may hide important information about differences in values systems, and it would be useful to see if homogeneous values subgroups exist within societies that reflect the individual-level compatibilities and conflicts