Ideology, as a part of culture, is an integral component of human interactions and power strategies that configure sociopolitical systems. We argue that ideology must be materialized, or given concrete form, in order to be a part of the human culture that is shared by a society. This process of materialization makes it possible to control, manipulate, and extend ideology beyond the local group. Ideology is an important source of power; to be controlled it must be rooted in a material medium. To illustrate these concepts three cases are examined: Neolithic and Bronze Age chiefdoms of Denmark, the Moche states of northern Perú, and the Inka empire of the Andes. Castillo, DeMarais and Earle, Ideology, Materialization and Power Strategies There are two aspects to these material means of ideology: a symbolic and a material. Symbolic objects and religious monuments of a l l s o r t s c o n v e y a n d t r a n s m i t s y m b o l i c information and meanings, standing for and representing them. The symbolic meanings these objects and monuments stand for and represent, and especially how these were perceived by individual actors, are inaccessible to the archaeologist. But as material objects they are part of the fabric of the social, political, and economic aspects of society, revealing patterns of access and manipulation of the power of some social segments over others. Archaeologically we can study differential access to the material expressions of the ideological system, and how this access affected the dynamics of social power. From this standpoint, the study of ideology i n a r c h a e o l o g y c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o o u r understanding of power relations. Although we are interested in the symbolic aspect of ideology, the avenue we pursue here is that of ideology as social power, particularly in complex, stratified societies. We are purposely o m i t t i n g a l e n g t h y d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e relationships between ideologies of domination and resistance (McGuire 1992), and we are also setting aside the applicability of our ideas to the study of simple societies. We study, therefore, the relationships between ideological means and relations of domination: What gives primacy to one ideology over another; how can an ideology suporting domination be sustained in the presence of an ideology of resistance? The answer, we argue, is grounded in the processes by which these ideologies become physical, that is in the Materialization of Ideology.

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This paper presents 45 radiocarbon dates demonstrating International Bell Beaker cultural contact and interaction with the Island of Mallorca, c. 2500 cal BC to 1300 cal BC. The radiocarbon documentation is accompanied by supporting artefactual and architectural evidence that demonstrates long-range seaborne exchange and a high degree of social complexity outside the Iberian Peninsula. The evidence has been collected over a thirty-four year period from a number of sites which include cave, rock shelter, open-air settlement and ritual contexts. These demonstrate social, religious and economic activities which show an unusually rich variation and complexity, giving indications of social differentiation and local technological skills, such as water-and animalmanagement, architectural construction, as well as lithic, ceramic, metallurgical and other production, over some twelve hundred years.ß

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In the second millennium cal BC, a new metal conquered Europe: the alloy of copper and tin that improved the quality of tools and weapons. This development, we argue, initiated a framework for a new political economy. We explore how a political economy approach may help understand the European Bronze Age by focussing on regional comparative advantages in long-distance trade and resulting bottlenecks in commodity flows. Links existed in commodity chains, where obligated labour and ownership of resources helped mobilize surpluses, thus creating potential for social segments to control the production and flows of critical goods. The political economy of Bronze Age Europe would thus represent a transformation in how would-be leaders mobilized resources to support their political ends. The long-distance trade in metals and other commodities created a shift from local group ownership towards increasingly individual strategies to obtain wealth from macro-regional trade. We construct our argument to make sense of available data, but recognize that our model's primary purpose is to structure future research to test the model.