BackgroundThe genetic origins of Uralic speakers from across a vast territory in the temperate zone of North Eurasia have remained elusive. Previous studies have shown contrasting proportions of Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestry in their mitochondrial and Y chromosomal gene pools. While the maternal lineages reflect by and large the geographic background of a given Uralic-speaking population, the frequency of Y chromosomes of Eastern Eurasian origin is distinctively high among European Uralic speakers. The autosomal variation of Uralic speakers, however, has not yet been studied comprehensively.ResultsHere, we present a genome-wide analysis of 15 Uralic-speaking populations which cover all main groups of the linguistic family. We show that contemporary Uralic speakers are genetically very similar to their local geographical neighbours. However, when studying relationships among geographically distant populations, we find that most of the Uralic speakers and some of their neighbours share a genetic component of possibly Siberian origin. Additionally, we show that most Uralic speakers share significantly more genomic segments identity-by-descent with each other than with geographically equidistant speakers of other languages. We find that correlated genome-wide genetic and lexical distances among Uralic speakers suggest co-dispersion of genes and languages. Yet, we do not find long-range genetic ties between Estonians and Hungarians with their linguistic sisters that would distinguish them from their non-Uralic-speaking neighbours.ConclusionsWe show that most Uralic speakers share a distinct ancestry component of likely Siberian origin, which suggests that the spread of Uralic languages involved at least some demic component.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study was conducted on potato late blight samples collected for monitoring early attacks in Finland from 1997 to 2000. Most of the 1726 Phytophthora infestans isolates were collected soon after the onset of the epidemics. Most of the isolates were tested for mating type as well as metalaxyl and propamocarb hydrochloride (HCl) sensitivity, while virulence on potato R-gene differentials and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype were determined for a subset of the isolates. In half of the fields from which more than one isolate was tested, both mating types were detected, indicating strong potential for sexual reproduction. The mating types coexisted more often in organic fields or gardens than in conventional fields. The proportion of A1 mating type decreased from approximately 80% (1997 and 1998) to 22% by the year 2000. Simultaneously, the proportion of isolates resistant to metalaxyl decreased from approximately 40% to 16%. Resistance to metalaxyl was confined to the IIa mtDNA haplotype and clearly associated with the A1 mating type, as resistance was 10 times more common among A1 isolates than among A2 isolates. Resistance to metalaxyl therefore probably derives from common descent from an isolate with the IIa haplotype. Most of the regional variation in metalaxyl sensitivity was also linked to mating type, as both metalaxyl resistance and the A1 mating type were most common in the north and south-west of Finland. In contrast to metalaxyl, only three propamocarb-HCl-insensitive isolates were found, but propamocarb-HCl sensitivity decreased significantly during the study.

Functional disorders of the masticatory system in a working age population in Southwest Finland were investigated both by interview (subjective symptoms) and by clinical examination (objective symptoms). The randomized material consisted of 583 subjects. 58% had subjective symptoms of dysfunction. With certain exceptions, the symptoms did not correlate with age, sex or use of removable dentures. The number of subjects with symptoms was highest in the group with the highest number of occluding teeth. 5% of subjects with subjective symptoms had received treatment. Clinical examination revealed symptoms in 41%. Sex did not correlate with the findings. The percentage of subjects with clinical symptoms was higher among those over 35 than in the younger age groups; this correlation was not, however, observed in the full denture wearers. Full denture wearers had symptoms more often than the others. Although young persons with relatively good natural dentition showed objective symptoms less often than the elderly and those wearing full dentures or with incomplete dentition, they more frequently had subjective experiences. This perhaps explains why the findings based on patient materials differ from those reported from pure population studies.

This study docum ents the m ultiple subjective and objective difficulties related to the wearing of com plete dentures. The study also highlights th e w ellrecognized importance of regular annual re exam inations for those wearing com plete dentures and th e assessm ent of need for adjustm ent of the dentures. It also demonstrates th a t successful treatm ent decisions cannot be m ade solely on the basis of clinical exam ination or a dentist's subjective opinion, but should be form ulated in close consultation w ith the patient.

The need for production cost savings and changes in the global paper and board industry during recent years have been constants. Changes in the global paper and board industry during past years have increased the need for more cost-efficient processes and production technologies. It is known that in paper and board production, foam typically leads to problems in the process rather than improvements in production efficiency. Foam forming technology, where foam is used as a carrier phase and a flowing medium, exploits the properties of dispersive foam. In this study, the possibility of applying foam forming technology to paper applications was investigated using a pilot scale paper forming environment modified for foam forming from conventional water forming. According to the results, the shape of jet-to-wire ratios was the same in both forming methods, but in the case of foam forming, the achieved scale of jet-to-wire ratio and MD/CD-ratio were wider and not behaving sensitively to shear changes in the forming section as a water forming process would. This kind of behavior would be beneficial when upscaling foam technology to the production scale. The dryness results after the forming section indicated the improvement in dewatering, especially when foam density was at the lowest level (i.e., air content was at the highest level). In addition, the dryness results after the pressing section indicated a faster increase in the dryness level as a function of foam density, with all density levels compared to the corresponding water formed sheets. According to the study, the bonding level of water- and foam-laid structures were at the same level when the highest wet pressing value was applied. The results of the study show that the strength loss often associated with foam forming can be compensated for successfully through wet pressing.