Acid etching should be applied when PEEK is used as substructure material and composite veneering material is applied. In this combination, PEEK might be a suitable material for FDPs, especially in load-bearing areas.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) can be used to support fixed dental prostheses. However, information about physicomechanical characterization is still scarce. PUR-POSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess effects of different aging regimens/durations on roughness, solubility, water absorption, Martens hardness (HM), and indentation modulus/EIT on different computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) polymers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty standardized specimens of the following materials were fabricated: PEEK: Dentokeep (DK); hybrid material: VITA Enamic (EN); composite resins: LAVA Ultimate (LU) and an experimental CAD/CAM nanohybrid-composite resin (EX); poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based: VITA CAD-Temp (CT); Telio CAD (TC), artBloc Temp (AT), and ZENOTEC ProFix (ZP). A nanofilledpolymer for interim restorations, Protemp 4 (CG), served as the control group. Specimens were stored in sodium chloride, artificial saliva, physiological saliva, and distilled water at 37°C for 1, 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days. Roughness, water absorption, HM, and EIT were investigated after each storage period; solubility was determined after 180 days only. Data were analyzed using weighted 3/2/1-way ANOVA and the post hoc Scheffé tests (=.05). RESULTS: Storage media had no effect on surface roughness and water absorption. Physiological saliva revealed the highest significant impact on solubility followed by artificial saliva, sodium chloride, and distilled water. Water absorption increased significantly with storage duration. PEEK showed the lowest solubility and water absorption values. The highest solubility was observed for the conventional polymer CG, and the highest water absorption was found for the composite LU. PMMA-based TC, ZP, CG, and AT showed the lowest HM and indentation modulus, followed by CT, and PEEK. The highest values were observed for the hybrid material EN, followed by LU and EX. CONCLUSIONS: The hardness parameters of PEEK were comparable with those of PMMA-based materials. group. Specimens were stored in sodium chloride, artificial saliva, physiological saliva, and distilled water at 37°C for 1, 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days. Roughness, water absorption, HM, and E IT were investigated after each storage period; solubility was determined after 180 days only. Data were analyzed using weighted 3/2/1-way ANOVA and the posthoc Scheffé tests (α=05).Results. Storage media had no effect on surface roughness and water absorption.Physiological saliva revealed the highest significant impact on solubility followed by artificial saliva, sodium chloride, and distilled water. Water absorption increased significantly with storage duration. PEEK showed the lowest solubility and water absorption values. The highest ! ! ! 2! solubility was observed for the conventional polymer CG, and the highest water absorption was found for the composite LU. PMMA-based TC, ZP, CG, and AT showed the lowest HM and indentation modulus, followed by CT, and PEEK. The highest values were ...
OBJECTIVES: To test the mechanical and optical properties of monolithic zirconia in comparison to conventional zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens were prepared from: monolithic zirconia: Zenostar (ZS), DD Bio ZX2 hochtransluzent (DD), Ceramill Zolid (CZ), InCoris TZI (IC) and a conventional zirconia Ceramill ZI (CZI). Contrast ratio (N=75/n=15) was measured according to ISO 2471ISO :2008. Grain sizes (N=75/n=15) were investigated with scanning electron microscope. Fourpoint flexural strength (N=225/n=15/zirconia and aging regime) was measured initially, after aging in autoclave or chewing simulator (ISO 13356:2008). Two-body wear of polished and glazed/veneered specimens (N=108/n=12) was analyzed in a chewing simulator using human teeth as antagonists. Data were analyzed using 2-/1-way ANOVA with post-hoc Scheffé, Kruskal-Wallis-H, Mann-Whitney-U, SpearmanRho, Weibull statistics and linear mixed models (p<0.05). RESULTS: The lowest contrast ratio values were found for ZS and IC and CZ. IC showed the largest grain size followed by DD and CZI. The smallest grain size was observed for ZS followed by CZ. There was no correlation between grain size and contrast ratio. The aging regime showed no impact on flexural strength. All non-aged and autoclave-aged specimens showed lower flexural strengths than the control group CZI. Within groups aged in chewing simulator, ZS showed significantly lower flexural strength than CZI. CZI showed higher material and antagonist wear than monolithic polished and glazed groups. Glazed specimens showed higher material and antagonist loss compared to polished ones. There was no correlation between roughness and wear. CONCLUSIONS: Monolithic zirconia showed higher optical, but lower mechanical properties than conventional zirconia. (ISO 13356:2008). Two-body wear of polished and glazed/veneered specimens (N=108/n=12) was analyzed in a chewing simulator using human teeth as antagonists. Data were analyzed using 2-/1-way ANOVA with post-hoc Scheffé, Kruskal-Wallis-H, Mann-Whitney-U, Spearman-Rho, Weibull statistics, and linear mixed models (p<0.05).Results. The lowest contrast ratio values were found for ZS and IC and CZ. IC showed the largest grain size followed by DD and CZI. The smallest grain size was observed for ZS followed by CZ. There was no correlation between grain size and contrast ratio. The aging regime showed no impact on flexural strength. All non-aged and autoclave-aged specimens showed lower flexural strengths than the control group CZI. Within groups aged in chewing simulator, ZS showed significantly lower 3 flexural strength than CZI. CZI showed higher material and antagonist wear than monolithic polished and glazed groups. Glazed specimens showed higher material and antagonist loss compared to polished ones. There was no correlation between roughness and wear.Conclusions. Monolithic zirconia showed higher optical, but lower mechanical properties than conventional zirconia.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the adhesion between PEEK and two selfadhesive resin cements after plasma treatment. METHODS: Eight hundred sixty-four polyetheretherketone (PEEK) disks were cut and polished to silicon carbide (SIC) P4000. One half of the specimens were randomly selected and pretreated with plasma, whereas the remaining 432 specimens remained untreated. Subsequently, specimens were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 108/group): Visio.link (Bredent), Signum PEEK Bond (Heraeus Kulzer), Ambarino P60 (Creamed), and a control group without additional treatment. Half of the specimens of each group (n = 54) were then cemented with either RelyX Unicem Automix 2 (3 M ESPE) or with Clearfil SA (Kuraray). All specimens were stored in water for 24 h (37°C ). Afterwards, specimens were divided into three groups (n = 18) for different aging levels: (1) no aging (baseline measurement), (2) thermal aging for 5,000 cycles (5/55°C), and (3) thermal aging for 10,000 cycles (5/55°C). Thereafter, shear bond strengths (SBS) were measured, and failure types (adhesive, mixed, and cohesive) were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, four-and one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Scheffé test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: No adhesion could be established without adhesive pretreatment, irrespectively, whether plasma was applied or not. Also, no bond strength was measured when Ambarino P60 was applied. In contrast, adhesive pretreatment resulted in SBS ranging between 8 and 15 MPa. No significant differences were found between the resin cements used. In general, no cohesive failures were observed. Groups without plasma treatment combined with Visio.link or Signum PEEK Bond showed predominantly mixed failure types. Control groups, plasma treated, or treated using Ambarino P60 groups fractured predominantly adhesively. CONCLUSION: The use of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based adhesives allows bonding between PEEK and self-adhesive resin cements. Plasma treatment has no impact on bond to resin cements. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: PEEK reconstructions can be cemented using self-adhesive resin cements combined with pretreatment with MMA-based adhesives. Methods: Eight-hundred-and-sixty-four PEEK disks were cut and polished to silicon carbide (SIC) P4000. One half of the specimens was randomly selected and pre-treated with plasma, whereas the remaining 432 specimens remained untreated. Subsequently, specimens were randomly allocated to four groups (n=108/group): Visio.link (Bredent), Signum PEEK Bond (Heraeus Kulzer), Ambarino P60 (Creamed) and a control group without additional treatment. Half of the specimens of each group (n=54) were then cemented with either RelyX Unicem Automix 2 (3M ESPE) or with Clearfil SA (Kuraray).All specimens were storage in water for 24 h (37°C). Afterwards, specimens were divided into three groups (n=18) for different aging levels: i. no aging (baseline measurement), ii.thermal aging for 5000 cycles (5/55°C) and iii. thermal aging for 10000 cycles (5/55°C).Thereafte...
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