A one-hour standardized training session was successfully used to train prehospital providers in the procedure of IO infusion. IO infusion then was implemented into their clinical practice with a satisfactory success rate and few complications.

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1The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric and physical performance 2 phenotypes between current professional and amateur male Rugby Union (RU) 3 players. The present study also sought to determine which anthropometric and 4 physical performance variables were predictive of playing standard. Thirty 5 professional and 30 amateur RU players performed Wattbike 6 s max effort and 6 countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) assessments, anthropometric 7 measures were also taken. Dependant variables recorded and analysed included; 8 body mass, stature, Σ8 site skinfolds, Wattbike absolute and relative peak power, CMJ 9 and SJ average concentric force, jump height, peak velocity, time to peak force, rate 10 of force development (RFD) and absolute and relative peak force and power. 11Professional players were heavier, taller and leaner than their amateur counterparts 12 (P <0.05). Professional players performed significantly better in all physical 13 performance measures except CMJ and SJ time to peak force, CMJ RFD and SJ 14 relative peak force. Variables which were predictive of playing standard were; ∑8 15 skinfolds, CMJ peak velocity and Wattbike absolute and relative peak power (P <0.05). 16These findings indicate that the current body of male professional RU players are 17 anthropometrically and physically superior to their amateur counterparts, although not 18 all variables assessed here were predictive of playing standard. Data presented here 19 indicate that ∑8 skinfolds, Wattbike absolute and relative power and CMJ peak velocity 20 are predictive of playing standard whereas other anthropometric and strength and 21 power variables are not. 22 23

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