This study aims to analyze compositions of fatty acids and phospholipid molecular species in the hard clams Meretrix lyrata (Sowerby, 1851) harvested from Cua Lo beach, Nghe An province, Viet Nam. Total lipid of hard clams Meretrix lyrata occupied 1.7 ± 0.2% of wet weight and contained six classes: hydrocarbon and wax (HW), triacylglycerol (TAG), free fatty acids (FFA), sterol (ST), polar lipid (PoL), and monoalkyl diacylglycerol (MADAG). Among the constituents, the proportion of PoL accounted was highest, at 45.7%. In contrast, the figures for MADAG were lowest, at 1.3%. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified with the ratios of USAFA/SAFA was 2. The percentage of n-3 PUFA (ω-3) and n-6 PUFA (ω-6) was high, occupying 38.4% of total FA. Among PUFAs, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) accounted for 3.8%, 7.8%, 2.2% and 12.0% of total lipid of the clam respectively. Phospholipid molecular species were identified in polar lipids of the clams consisting six types: phosphatidylethalnolamine (PE, with 28 molecular species), phosphatidylcholine (PC, with 26 molecular species), phosphatidylserine (PS, with 18 molecular species), phosphatidylinositol (PI, with 10 molecular species), phosphatidylglycerol (PG, with only one molecular species), and ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP, with 15 molecular species). This is the first time that the molecular species of sphingophospholipid were determined, in Meretrix lyrata in particular, and for clams in general. Phospholipid formula species of PE and PS were revealed to comprise two kinds: Alkenyl acyl glycerophosphoethanolamine and Alkenyl acyl glycerophosphoserine occupy 80.3% and 81.0% of total PE and PS species, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of diacyl glycero phosphatidylcholine was twice as high as that of PakCho in total PC, at 69.3, in comparison with 30.7%. In addition, phospholipid formula species of PI and PG comprised only diacyl glycoro phospholipids. PE 36:1 (p18:0/18:1), PC 38:6 (16:0/22:6), PS 38:1 (p18:0/20:1), PI 40:5 (20:1/20:4), PG 32:0 (16:0/16:0) and CAEP 34:2 (16:2/d18:0) were the major molecular species.
Callicarpa candicans (Burm. f.) Hochr. (Callicarpa cana L.) is a medicinal plant that is distributed mainly in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and finds a wide range of uses in traditional medicine. In this study, we attempted and optimized the microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) process to obtain essential oil from the leaves of C. candicans. In addition, the obtained oil was analyzed for volatile composition by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assayed for bioactivity against several bacteria and cancer cell lines. To optimize the extraction process, response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with central composite design (CCD) was adopted. Experimental design and optimization were carried out with respect to three experimental factors including the ratio of water to raw material, extraction time, and microwave power. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows: water to raw material ratio of 6/1 (v/w), extraction time 42 min, and microwave power 440 W. Composition determination of the obtained C. candicans essential oil indicated the presence of predominant components including caryophyllene <b-> (10.45%), cadinene <d-> (10.28%), gurjunene <a-> (8.95%), muurolene <g-> (8.92%), selinene <a-> (7.06%), selinene <b-> (5.59%), and copaene <a-> (5.40%). In comparison with the essential oils obtained via traditional hydro-distillation method, the essential oil extracted by MAHD exhibited superior anti-proliferative activity on all tested cancer cell lines. Current results imply that the MAHD is capable of recovering biologically-active natural products of greater quantity than that recovered by the conventional distillation.
Urena lobata L. is used in Vietnamese traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Tree roots are used to treat rheumatism, dysentery, poor digestion, flu, tonsils, malaria, asthma, goiter. Flowers are used to treat chickenpox, fever, and mental disorders. Branches, leaves or whole trees used to treat injuries bruises, rheumatism, mastitis, bites. Phytochemical investigation of the n-hexan and ethyl acetate extract of Urena lobata L. led to the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), a-acetylamino-phenylpropyl a-benzoylamino-phenylpropanoate (3), quercetin (4), and trans-tiliroside (5). Their chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including MS, 1D, 2D NMR and comparing with those reported in previous papers. Two compounds 3, 5 were isolated for the first time from Urena lobata plant.
This study examined challenges and factors promoting resilience among 20 California family physicians (FPs) during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. A subset of academic, community, and resident FPs who responded to an online survey also participated in a semi-structured interview that explored concerns, moral distress, burnout, resource needs, support systems, coping strategies, and motivation to continue caring for patients. Thematic analysis was used to identify common themes in participant interviews. Interviewees demonstrated adaptability, resilience, and grit (i.e., commitment to completing a valued goal in the face of setbacks and adversity) despite challenges disrupting patient care, fears for family and self, and frustration due to the politicization of the pandemic. Factors promoting well-being and perseverance included professional and personal support, strong coping skills, and focusing on the meaning derived from practicing medicine. A service orientation that permeates family medicine philosophy and values motivated practitioners to continue to provide patient care while dealing with overwhelming personal and structural challenges. FPs drew strength from their internal coping skills, core family medicine values, and external support, notwithstanding demoralizing effects of mixed messages and politicization of the pandemic. FPs demonstrated resilience and grit in the face of challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Ensuring adequate resources to promote a physically and psychologically healthy workforce while increasing access to care for all patients is crucial to prepare for the next healthcare crisis.
In this study, we focused on screening and simulating the interaction between anti-inflammatory proteins and 50 compounds isolated from Millettia dielsiana Harms ex Diels. 39 out of 50 compounds that violated no of Lipinski’s rule of five were sorted out as favorable for drug development and selected for studies further. Then, a molecular docking study of compounds into the binding sites of COX-1 and COX-2 allowed shedding light on the binding mode of these potential COX inhibitors performed using Autodock Vina software. Our results showed that 6 compounds, including millesianin E (D32), barbigerone (D18), millesianin D (D31), (+)-epicatechin (D11), durallone (D17), and ichthynone (D19) exhibited good binding energy with the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme meanwhile all of the selected compounds exhibited poor binding energy to the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme. The binding energies of these compounds range from -8.6 kcal/mol to -9.0 kcal/mol better than the standard compounds Valdecoxib and Lumiracoxib. In addition, an analysis of the COX-2 enzyme and selected compounds binding was also presented. The important binding modes shown at the active site of the COX-2 enzyme through hydrogen bonds compared with standard compounds showed this as potential candidates against this enzyme. Therefore, these results might give a positive signal in finding anti-inflammatory drugs from Millettia dielsiana.
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