Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process of Callicarpa candicans (Burm. f.) Hochr Essential Oil and Its Inhibitory Properties against Some Bacteria and Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

Callicarpa candicans (Burm. f.) Hochr. (Callicarpa cana L.) is a medicinal plant that is distributed mainly in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and finds a wide range of uses in traditional medicine. In this study, we attempted and optimized the microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) process to obtain essential oil from the leaves of C. candicans. In addition, the obtained oil was analyzed for volatile composition by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assayed for bioactivity against several bacteria and cancer cell lines. To optimize the extraction process, response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with central composite design (CCD) was adopted. Experimental design and optimization were carried out with respect to three experimental factors including the ratio of water to raw material, extraction time, and microwave power. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows: water to raw material ratio of 6/1 (v/w), extraction time 42 min, and microwave power 440 W. Composition determination of the obtained C. candicans essential oil indicated the presence of predominant components including caryophyllene <b-> (10.45%), cadinene <d-> (10.28%), gurjunene <a-> (8.95%), muurolene <g-> (8.92%), selinene <a-> (7.06%), selinene <b-> (5.59%), and copaene <a-> (5.40%). In comparison with the essential oils obtained via traditional hydro-distillation method, the essential oil extracted by MAHD exhibited superior anti-proliferative activity on all tested cancer cell lines. Current results imply that the MAHD is capable of recovering biologically-active natural products of greater quantity than that recovered by the conventional distillation.

Protective potential of frankincense essential oil and its loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against UVB-induced photodamage in rats via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways; A promising anti-aging therapy

“…In both methods, the essential oil was mainly composed of oxygenated compounds, whereas monoterpene and diterpene hydrocarbons constituted only a low percentage of the total extracted oils. It was obvious that the number of oxygenated compounds (80.1% in HD, 87.72% in MAHD) and diterpenes (0.71% in HD, 5.77% in MAHD) increased by MAHD method, in accordance with previous reports [ 18 , 20 ]. This may be partly due to the fact that microwaves selectively interact with more polar compounds, which are thus more selectively extracted than less polar ones [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Evaluation of antibacterial and antitubercular activities of Callicarpa candicans (Burm f. Hochr.) leaf extracts

“…f.) Hochr. locally known as "Tigau" in the Philippines [5], "Kembu-kembu" in Indonesia [6], and "Nang Nang" in Vietnam [7] is a plant with a high potential for antimicrobial constituents. In the Philippines, the Ati Negrito indigenous group of Guimaras Islands uses C. candicans to treat swollen muscles by applying ground leaves as a poultice [8].…”

Response Surface Methodology as a Useful Tool for Evaluation of the Recovery of the Fluoroquinolones from Plasma—The Study on Applicability of Box-Behnken Design, Central Composite Design and Doehlert Design

“…In the DD, the intervals between the levels present a uniform distribution [8]. The abovementioned models can be found in the literature in optimizing the different extracting procedures such as LLE for 1.4-dihydropyridines [4], ultrasound-assisted extraction for colchicine [10], microextraction for psychoactive substances [11], microvave extraction of the essential oil [12], LLE of fluoroquinolones in food [13], LLE of gallic acid [14] or cloud point extraction in analysis of the metal's traces [15], stir bar sorptive extraction in the analysis of the volatile compounds in vinegar [16] or liquid-phase extraction of metamizole from biological samples and animal feed [17].…”