Increased intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an urgent problem in clinical practice. A pliable hydrogel is preferred for cranioplasty applications after TBI since it can protect brain tissue and promote bone healing. Nevertheless, biohydrogels for cranial bone regeneration still face challenges of poor mechanical properties, large swelling ratios, and low osteogenesis activity. Herein, inspired by Hofmeister effects, biopolymer hydrogels composed of protein and polysaccharides were treated with a Hofmeister series including a series of monovalent and divalent anions. Our results reveal that the divalent anion-cross-linked biohydrogels exhibit stronger mechanical properties and lower swelling ratios compared with monovalent-anion treated gels. Intriguingly, the divalent HPO 4 2− anion induced biohybrid hydrogels with excellent mechanical behaviors (3.7 ± 0.58 MPa, 484 ± 76.7 kPa, and 148.3 ± 6.85 kJ/m 3 ), anti-swelling capability (16.7%), and gradual degradation ability, significantly stimulating osteogenic differentiation and in vivo cranial bone regeneration. Overall, this study may provide new insights into the design of biomimetic hydrogels for treating cranial bone defects after TBI.
Assembly quality control is the main problem concerned by assembly departments in aircraft industry. This paper discusses the key assembly characteristics (KACs) which are the critical dimension characteristics for assembly quality in details, and then proposes a mathematical method which consists of identification and blending control method (BCM) towards KACs. BCM includes tightening tolerance and compensation, which can quantitatively control the KACs determined by validating error stack-up. A demonstration is given to verify the validity of the proposed method by controlling the assembly quality of an aircraft vertical tail.
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