This study explores the ‘people’ and ‘place’ components of the smart city concept in order to inform its third component, ‘technology’, for augmented disability inclusion. The research objective was to reveal the capability of the universal open space design (UOSD) method in classifying key spatial factors according to their type of digital applicability as a channel or subject for information and communication technologies (ICTs). Results were derived from three Hungarian design projects presented as case studies, using the research through design (RtD) method. User needs and usage patterns, open space environmental components and types according to their tolerance towards physical modification, and relevant disability-related concepts linked to UOSD were hierarchized and interrelated to digital technologies that can replace or complement the environmental components. Findings were represented in the spatial Maslow pyramid of user needs related to the relevant spatial design concepts, open spaces public services, and digital technologies. The results showed that upper (less basic) levels of the digital Maslow pyramid related to public services other than transport and concepts other than physical accessibility lack digital completion or replacement. In particular, a more detailed and consistent knowledge about spatial–digital interrelations for sensory accessibility should be incorporated into the practical and theoretical background of “smart” UOSD. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates how the combination of the concepts of UOSD and the smart city support a more complex disability-inclusive experience in an interconnected physical, sociocultural, and digital network of open spaces.
Heritage tourism can be considered as one of the fastest developing branches of tourism today but the prerequisite of the success of local authorities in this filed is a proactive approach. In the spirit of the above, the aim of the present paper is to examine the development documents of the most important settlements of Hajdú-Bihar county (Hungary) and to answer the question how the heritage products appear in the specific documents concerned. As a result it can be concluded that firstly From among the values to be preserved in connection with heritage, the biggest emphasis is on the build environment; at the same time -due to the unique historical past of the towns -a very significant role is also given to the unique settlement structure. Secondly among the possible areas of the utilisation of heritage, the first place is occupied by the physical appearance of the settlements (building stock, settlement structure); at the same time, an important role is also played in the social life of the towns (e.g. the preservation of identity, shaping communities).
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