Numerous researchers have expressed concern over the emerging water scarcity issues around the globe. Economic water scarcity is severe in the developing countries; thus, the use of inexpensive wastewater treatment strategies can help minimize this issue. An abundant amount of laundry wastewater (LWW) is generated daily and various wastewater treatment researches have been performed to achieve suitable techniques. This study addressed this issue by considering the economic perspective of the treatment technique through the selection of easily available materials. The proposed technique is a combination of locally available absorbent materials such as sand, biochar, and teff straw in a media. Biochar was prepared from eucalyptus wood, teff straw was derived from teff stem, and sand was obtained from indigenous crushed stones. In this study, the range of laundry wastewater flow rate was calculated as 6.23–17.58 m3/day; also studied were the efficiency of the media in terms of the removal percentage of contamination and the flux rate. The performances of biochar and teff straw were assessed based on the operation parameters and the percentage removal efficiency at different flux rates; the assessment showed 0.4 L/min flux rate to exhibit the maximum removal efficiency. Chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and total alkalinity removal rate varied from 79% to ≥83%; total solids and total suspended solids showed 92% to ≥99% removal efficiency, while dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, pH, and electrical conductivity showed 22% to ≥62% removal efficiency. The optimum range of pH was evaluated between 5.8–7.1. The statistical analysis for finding the correlated matrix of laundry wastewater parameters showed the following correlations: COD (r = −0.84), TS (r = −0.83), and BOD (r = −0.81), while DO exhibited highest negative correlation. This study demonstrated the prospective of LWW treatment using inexpensive materials. The proposed treatment process involved low-cost materials and exhibited efficiency in the removal of contaminants; its operation is simple and can be reproduced in different scenarios.
Groundwater is a crucial element to water systems and supplies of small to large communities worldwide. This study is based on review of relevant previous studies, primary data collected through comprehensive field survey in the project area Ambo University Institute of Technology, secondary data gathered from various offices at regional levels, and consultations with project affected communities, Administrators, key stakeholders, NGOs and relevant experts. The cause of failure of the bore well is assessed and parts of the scheme component that need maintenance, repair and replacement in addition to water quality condition is estimated in monetary value to undertake systematic cost benefit analysis to decide whether to drill new boreholes or rehabilitate existing sites. Document analysis, interviewing, group discussion and reconnaissance survey/observational approach is used to gather data and information. The Costs and benefits of borehole drilling and rehabilitation analysis was estimated. The total cost was estimated at US$ 31,282 in the borehole drilling and US$ 10,167 in the borehole rehabilitation. The total economic benefit was estimated to be US$ 140,385 for 20 years in the borehole drilling and US$ 28,513 for 10 years in the borehole rehabilitation. The cost-benefit ratio was 4.5 for borehole drilling and 2.8 for borehole rehabilitation. The output of this analysis revealed that constructing the new borehole is better than rehabilitating that would save the institute from wastage of time and capital planned for rehabilitation in addition to sustainability and reliability function of the borehole for long period of time
In Ethiopia, several Micro hydropower (MHP) schemes were constructed between the year 1950 and 1970. One of the Micro hydropower schemes constructed within this period was Huluka Micro-hydropower. However, it is no longer operational nowadays due to some issues and problems. Hence, this research study aimed to assess the causes of failure and estimating the potential power of Huluka micro hydropower. The overall existing condition of the components of the Micro hydropower plants evaluated as to functionality and its physical measurements, including the identification of the potential factors responsible for the failure of the Micro hydropower. From the flow duration curve of Huluka River, it indicated a maximum and the minimum potential power of the scheme of about 1313.23kw, and 274.41 kW, respectively. Hence, it is postulated that rehabilitation of Huluka MHP could provide a solution to the current shortage and interruption of power supply in Ambo town as well as its surrounding areas.
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