Background: The cognitive function of the elderly has become a focus of public health research. Little is known about the changes of cognitive function and the risk factors for cognitive impairment in the Chinese elderly; thus, the purposes of this study are as follows: (1) to describe changes in cognitive function in the Chinese elderly from 2005–2014 and (2) to explore risk factors for cognitive impairment of the Chinese elderly. Design and setting: A total of 2603 participants aged 64 years and above participated in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and were followed up from 2005 to 2014. Cognitive function and cognitive impairment were assessed using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cognitive impairment. Results: Results revealed that the cognitive function of the Chinese elderly shows diversified changes: deterioration (55.09%), unchanged (17.21%) and improvement (27.70%). In addition, there are significant demographic differences in gender, age, education, marriage and other aspects when it comes to the changes of cognitive function in Chinese elderly. In the binary logistic regression analysis, female, increased age, lower education level, no spouse, less income, worse PWB (psychological well-being), less fresh fruit and vegetable intake, more activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, lower social engagement were significantly associated with higher odds for cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Various interventions should be implemented to maintain cognitive function in Chinese elderly.

As China is now facing the severe challenge of rapid population ageing, the health behaviors in Chinese elderly people are of great significance for realizing the goal of “Healthy Ageing” and the construction of a “Healthy China”. Little is known about the evolutionary trends of health behaviors in the Chinese elderly and about the factors influencing these trends; thus, the purposes of this paper are: (1) To describe the classes and evolutionary trends of health behaviors in the Chinese elderly; and (2) to explore the factors that influence the changes in the health behaviors in the elderly in China. Latent class analysis (LCA) is applied in this study to analyze the classes of health behaviors in the Chinese elderly. Growth mixture modelling (GMM) is employed to describe the evolutionary trends of the health behaviors in elderly people in China. In addition, the Bivariate analysis model is adopted to identify the influencing factors of the evolution of health behaviors. The data were derived from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2005 to 2014. The results reveal that the health behaviors in the Chinese elderly can be grouped into five classes: Negative, relatively negative, fair, relatively positive, and positive. Approximately 77.2% of the health behaviors in the Chinese elderly have the characteristics of “modified”, with a positive tendency. Moreover, approximately 22.8% of the health behaviors in Chinese elderly people have the characteristics of “non-modified”, with a negative tendency or remaining unchanged. The evolution of the health behaviors in the elderly in China is more affected by economic factors such as timely medical treatment during childhood, pension, occupations before the age of 60 and family income, as well as by self-rated health (SRH) and demographic characteristics such as household registration, age, and education level. Hence, various possible interventions should be made to improve the health behaviors in elderly people.

Summary Introduction Health behaviors play an important role in determining individual health status; thus, understanding differences in the health behaviors of elderly individuals and their influencing factors is a prerequisite for the formulation and implementation of health behavior promotion policies for elderly individuals. The objectives of this study were to explore differences in health behaviors among Chinese elderly people and their influencing factors. Methods Based on data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2014, this paper applied latent class analysis (LCA) to explore differences in the health behaviors of elderly individuals in China and employed a multinomial logit model to identify the influencing factors that cause these differences. Results Results showed that there are five classes of health behaviors among elderly individuals in China: passive, relatively passive, general, relatively positive, and positive, the proportions of which were 31.07%, 15.86%, 24.06%, 17.24%, and 11.76%, respectively. Community medical and health services, pension, living arrangements, and family income were the primary factors explaining differences in the health behaviors of elderly individuals. In addition, there were significant demographic differences in the health behaviors of elderly individuals in China, including gender, age, education, marital status, census register, region, and others. Conclusion There are significant differences in the behaviors of elderly individuals in China, and the behaviors of the majority of elderly people are not healthy. China is expected to invest more medical and health resources to tackle health prevention and management and to provide targeted education, guidance, and intervention in elderly health behaviors, urging them to control and correct risky health behaviors with a focus on elderly individuals that are the oldest, are females, have low education levels, and live in the countryside and in towns.

In 1988, the Communist Party of China allowed Hainan to build a province and establish a Special Economic Zone. In the past 30 years, Hainan Province has witnessed the economic development rapidly and enhanced the financial system. Therefore, in the framework of establishing Hainan Free Trade Area, it is particularly important to consider whether foreign direct investment has a positive effect on the economic growth of Hainan Province. This article researches the relationship between FDI and economic increase in Hainan from 1988 to 2018.It adopts the ADF unit root proof, the granger causality proof and the cointegration proof to conduct empirical research, selects the spillover effect of foreign direct investment and Cobb Douglas production function as theoretical models and reaches the conclusion that FDI has positive accelerating effect in the short-term and longterm accumulation. The article will put forward policy advice for accelerating the economic growth of Hainan Province, including increasing foreign direct investment, introducing and cultivating high-tech talents and increasing openness.