The production of fruits and vegetables is listed as one of the most relevant activities in brazilian agricultural conjuncture. However, the amount of losses occurring along the production chain is alarming, especially in the postharvest stage. Thus, it was aimed to conduct a survey of postharvest losses and characterize the scenario of commercialization of fresh produce in the retail market of seven cities in the east of Maranhã o state. This work was carried out through direct interviews with 145 traders. The questionnaire with objective questions that covered socioeconomic aspects, handling, flow, conditioning, storage, marketing, and postharvest losses was applied to them. It was found that the traders had little schooling (92% of traders do not have a high school level) and lack adequate technical knowledge of produce, management, and marketing of fruit and vegetable produce. The traded vegetables are sourced from Piauí , Bahia and Ceará , and drained through canvas-covered trucks (86%). The three vegetables with the highest loss estimates are bell pepper (16.42 ± 2.21%), lettuce (11.79 ± 0.42) and tomato (11.38 ± 0.19%). Though, for fruits, it highlights plum (35.65 ± 1.34%), papaya (17.93 ± 3.79%) and guava (15.63±2.79%). 337 Among the causes, those of physiological order was the most impacting. The largest losses of vegetables occurred in Coelho Neto (17.78%), Timon (13.46%) and Brejo (10.73%) cities. Regarding fruits, the order was Coelho Neto (11.48%), Brejo (11.27%) and Timon (10.84%). There is a need for better training and awareness of traders regarding the adoption of good post-harvest practices and proper management of the commercial activity, as a way to increase the profitability of this activity, which on average is equivalent to two minimum wages per month.
Soybean is the most important oilseed over the world. Different factors interfere in its development, among them, the interference of weeds. Thus, the objective was to analyze the performance of pre-emergence herbicides on the weed competition and agronomic components of soybean. For this, an experiment was carried out in commercial farming. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three treatments and nine repetitions. The following treatments were tested: S-metolachlor (1,152 g a.i. ha-1); diclosulam (35 g a.i. ha-1; 42 g a.i. ha-1) + imazethapyr (164.8 g a.i. ha-1). Two phytosociological surveys were carried out at 21 and 32 days after sowing (DAS) for controlling the weed competition. At 14, 21, 32, and 37 DAS, stem height and diameter were analyzed, while at 115 DAS, the production components were estimated. The application of S-metolachlor (1,152 g a.i. ha-1) was efficient for pre-emergence weed control of weed competition in commercial soybean crops. Through this treatment, the conventional cultivar Ansc 89109 produced between 130,5 and 255,8 kg per hectare, this result is superior those obtained in plots treated with diclosulam (35 g a.i ha-1) + imazethapyr (164.8 g a.i. ha-1) and diclosulam (42 g a.i. ha-1) + imazethapyr (164.8 g a.i. ha-1). Thus, the application of higher-doses of diclosulam (42 g a.i. ha-1) in a mixture with imazethapyr (164.8 g a.i. ha-1) is not recommended since it presents eminent agronomic, environmental, and economic risks
Soybean is one of the main crops in Brazil, with a significant share of national agribusiness exports. Nonetheless, several factors such as weed competition and soil fertility directly affect soybean yield and productivity. This study aimed to analyse the spatial distribution of weeds as a function of soil fertility and soybean yield in farming fields. We carried out the experiment on a farm located in Brejo, Maranhão state, Brazil, through a geostatistical analysis of 60 sampling points on a regular grid of 10.0 m x 50.0 m. At these points, we collected phytosociological information on the weed community, soil fertility, and soybean yield. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the most responsive variables and to group them. We determined spatial dependence through geostatistical procedures, with the interpretation and adjustment of variogram components. We identified seven weed species, distributed across seven genera and six botanical families, of which 76.78% were eudicotyledons. In the cluster analysis, we grouped monocotyledonous species separately from eudicotyledons as explained by the morphophysiological contrasts between these botanical classes. Soybean yield did not correlate with soil fertility or weeds. These two factors can be considered only as a share of soybean productivity because their individual variations do not directly influence production factors. The efficient management of weeds and soil fertility should result in a more uniform and potencially more soybean yield when other conditioning factors are also effective
Characterization of the seeds bank is an essential tool for decision making on weed control and management practices and the study and maintenance of the ecological dynamics of natural areas. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize the spatial variability of the seeds bank in an experimental agricultural field and an anthropized cerrado area, using the ordinary kriging geostatistical technique. Sampling was carried out on 10x10 regular grids in two different environments. Area 01 consisted of an experimental agricultural field of annual crops (soy and corn); area 02 represented the anthropized cerrado. The sample grids consisted of 25 points collected at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m. The soil samples were placed in 6.38 dm3 and 0.05 m² plastic containers. Spatial distribution maps of the species found have been drawn up, grouped in dicotyledonous, monocotyledonous, and total density, in addition, the density of three weeds most found in each area. The weed seed bank present strong spatial variability to 01 and 02, which indicates behavior in spots or in patches for both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, especially Mollugo verticillata L. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. in the experimental field, and for Richardia scabra L. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. in the anthropized cerrado. The ordinary kriging technique made it possible to map the weed seed bank and, therefore, it may work as an efficient tool in controlling weeds in agricultural fields, especially in its pre-emergence phase. Furthermore, it can assist in the recovery of native anthropized vegetation.
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