Com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência da relação fósforo-zinco sobre o crescimento inicial de pitaia para fornecer informações que subsidiem a definição de sistemas de produção mais adequados para a exploração desta cultura no Brasil, realizou-se o experimento, testando cinco doses de P (0; 75; 150; 225 e 300 mg dm-3) e Zn (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 mg dm-3), sendo os níveis de cada nutriente arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x5, com quatro blocos. Para a interação significativa (p<0,05), procedeu-se ao ajuste em superfícies de resposta do tipo Y = β0 + β1(A) + β2(A)² + β3(B) + β4(B)² + β5(A).( B) + e. As estimativas das correlações fenotípicas foram obtidas considerando apenas o intervalo das doses de P e Zn que promoveram as melhores respostas do acesso de pitaia para os caracteres estudados. A aplicação de P e Zn, e a interação P x Zn afetam a disponibilidade de ambos os nutrientes no substrato, sistema radicular e parte aérea, influenciando, assim, o crescimento inicial de plantas de pitaia. Os rendimentos mais satisfatórios ocorrem quando há 60 - 75 mg de P dm-3 e 3,0 - 4,0 mg de Zn dm-3 no substrato, e 4,5 - 6,0 g kg-1 de P e 150 mg de Zn kg-1 na parte aérea. Esses níveis foram obtidos para a combinação de 150 - 225 mg dm-3 de P, com 4 - 6 mg dm-3 de Zn. Os teores de P e Zn na parte aérea e o somatório do comprimento dos cladódios (SCC) säo os caracteres explicativos que apresentam maiores efeitos diretos sobre a massa seca dos cladódios (MSC).
Resumo -Para a sustentabilidade na produção da melancia é importante atender-se às suas exigências nutricionais, especialmente na época em que ocorre maior demanda por nutrientes. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e marcha de absorção de macronutrientes pela cultivar de melancia Crimson Sweet. O experimento foi desenvolvido no perímetro irrigado do Baixo Acaraú, situado na região norte do estado do Ceará. As épocas de amostragem iniciaram-se no décimo quarto dia após a emergência (DAE), e foram realizadas em intervalos regulares de 10 dias, sendo assim representados: 24, 34, 44, 54 e 64 DAE. Constatou-se que o período de maior acúmulo de massa seca ocorre entre os 44 e 64 DAE, sendo que aos 64 DAE, a massa seca total da planta está estimada em 1.131,72 g; a ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes acumulados pela cultivar de melancia Crimson Sweet foi: K>Ca>N>Mg>S>P; aos 64 DAE, a parte aérea exportou: 66,64 g kg -1 de K; 46,04 g kg -1 de Ca; 31,71 g kg -1 de N; 11,57 g kg -1 de Mg; 11,86 g kg -1 de S; e 6,20 g kg -1 de P; o período compreendido entre 44 e 64 DAE está identificado como sendo o de maior requerimento de macronutrientes pela planta.Palavras-chave -Absorção de nutrientes. Adubação. Nutrição de plantas. Produção. Qualidade.Abstract -For the sustainability in the production of the watermelon is important to take care of its nutritional requirements, especially at the time where bigger demand for nutrients occurs. With this, it was aimed to evaluate the growth and absorption march of macronutrients for the cv. of watermelon Crimson Sweet. The experiment was carried out in the irrigated perimeter Baixo Acaraú. The period of sampling had initiated it the tenth room day after the emergency (DAE), and had been carried through in regular intervals of 10 days, being thus represented: 24, 34, 44 and 54 DAE. Evidenced that: the period of bigger accumulation of dry mass occurrs between the 44 and 64 DAE, being that to the 64 DAE, the total dry mass of the plant is esteem in 1.131, 72 g; the decreasing order of the macronutrients accumulated for cultivating of watermelon Crimson Sweet is: K> Ca> N> Mg> S> P; The plant without root exported: 66,64 g kg -1 de K; 46,04 g kg -1 de Ca; 31,71 g kg -1 de N; 11,57 g kg -1de Mg; 11,86 g kg -1 de S; e 6,20 g kg -1 de P; and the period ranging from 44 to 64 DAE is identified as being of bigger demand of macronutrients for the plant.
Fruit growing contributes to Brazilian socioeconomic growth, both as a source of food for the population and in the generation of employment and income. However, the production chain incurs significant negative impacts, mainly due to post-harvest losses. The objective of the current study was to estimate the post-harvest losses of fruits, occurring in the retail markets of Anapurus, Belágua, Mata Roma, São Benedito do Rio Preto and Urbano Santos (Maranhão State). The study was carried out with visits to 45 commercial establishments, and the deployment of a questionnaire regarding post-harvest losses of 12 fruits. It is concluded that, in decreasing order, losses were: avocado (11.76 ± 0.09%) > papaya (11.65% ± 0.02) > banana (10.82 ± 1.75%) > grape (10.08 ± 0.06%) > passion fruit (9.28 ± 0.04%) > pineapple (8.62 ± 0.04%) > watermelon (8.48 ± 0.05%) > mango (8.00 ± 0.18%) > orange (7.12 ± 0.10%) > apple (6.68 ± 0.07%) > pear (6.52 ± 0.03%) > melon (4.32 ± 0.01%). Physiological disorders were the main cause of losses, with estimated losses being up to 10.62%. It is suggested that losses could be reduced with: better hygiene in commercial environments, effective planning of the quantities offered, and the adoption of low cost technologies for the conservation and refrigeration of temperate fruits. Some public initiatives, such as the increase in availability of training courses, improvement of roads in the rural areas of the Chapadinha Microregion, and encouragement of the expansion of fruit growing in Maranhão, may lead to improvements, with direct benefits to society in general.
Research involving estimation of post-harvest losses of vegetables is limited in the state of Maranhão (MA), however, they are essential to identify of causes of losses, as well as for reducing them. The objective of the current study was to describe the cultivation and post-harvest losses of vegetables in the municipalities of Anapuru, Belágua, Chapadinha, Mata Roma, São Benedito and Urbano Santos, state of Maranhão, northern Brazil. The information was obtained by questionnaires given to the traders from the main vegetable trading centres for each municipality. The questions covered the socioeconomic aspects of handling, transportation, storage and commercialization of vegetables. While many traders had a full secondary education (37%), they have little technical knowledge of production, management (83%) and marketing (82%) of vegetables. Cultivation is carried out mainly in greenhouses (77%), with many vegetables coming from other states (89%), such as Ceará, via asphalted roads (100%). Physiological disorders, such as rapid maturation, wilting and budding, were the main causes of loss. Rank losses, in order of decreasing losses were: tomato (18.38 ± 0.39%) > potato (13.82 ± 0.11%) > bell pepper (10.13 ± 0.07%) > carrot (9.35 ± 0), 09%) > onion (7.31 ± 0.15%) > lettuce (6.16 ± 0.15%). The losses were significant and there is a clear need for training on good post-harvest practices, effective management of the quantity offered, and government incentives to expand the olericulture in the Chapadinha microregion.
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