The transition to bilateral symmetry in Caprifoliaceae involved: (a) duplication of an ancestral DipsCYC2 gene; (b) the loss of expression of both of these copies in the ventral petal; and (c) changes in the zone of expression, with one copy continuing to be expressed across the dorsal and lateral petals, and the other copy becoming restricted in expression to the dorsal corolla lobes.
Babesiosis is a tick borne disease (TBD) caused by parasites of the genus Babesia, with 13 considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. Babesiosis and other 14 TBDs were considered responsible for 50% of the deaths of cattle occurred in 15Mozambique in the first year after importation from neighbouring countries. 16Here, we present the detection of B. bigemina and B. bovis in cattle from Mozambique 17 and the development of a novel PCR method. For this study, blood samples were 18 collected in one farm located near Maputo city. The samples were analyzed using a 19 previously described nested PCR and a novel hot-start PCR method. Primers were 20 selected for the hot-start PCR based on the putative gene of an undescribed aspartic 21 protease named babesipsin, present in both B. bovis and B. bigemina. The combination of 22 hot start polymerase and long primers (29-31bp) were in this study determinant for the 23 Manuscript 2 successful amplification and detection in only one PCR. The babesipsin hot-start PCR is 24 a fast, simple, and sensitive method, with some advantages over current methods. A total 25of 117 field samples were tested by hot-start PCR, and 90 were positive for B. bigemina 26 (77%), 82 were positive for B. bovis (70%), 61 were mixed infections (52%) and only 6 27 were negative (5.1%). The results confirm that this area of Mozambique is endemic for 28 Babesiosis, and that this TBD should be regarded as a threat for imported cattle. 29 30
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