The Brazil Current (BC) is likely the least observed and investigated subtropical western boundary current in the world. This study proposes a simple and systematic methodology to estimate quasi-synoptic crosssectional speeds of the BC within the Santos Basin (23 • S − 26 • S) based on the dynamic method using several combinations of data: Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD), temperature profiles, CTD and vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (VMADCP), and temperature profiles and VMADCP. All of the geostrophic estimates agree well with lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) velocity observations and yield volume transports of -5.56 ±1.31 and 2.50 ±1.01 Sv for the BC and the Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC), respectively. The LADCP data revealed that the BC flows southwestward and is ∼100 km wide, 500 m deep, and has a volume transport of approximately -5.75 ±1.53 Sv and a maximum speed of 0.59 m s −1 . Underneath the BC, the IWBC flows northeastward and has a vertical extent of approximately 1,300 m, a width of ∼60 km, a maximum

The pathways and transports of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) within the southward‐flowing lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are studied using 12 years of Argo profiles and subsurface Argo drift data. Consistent with previous studies, the results show clear evidence for interior pathways of LSW that separate from the western boundary near the Grand Banks and flow eastward and then southward around a large‐scale deep anticyclonic gyre in the northern subtropical Atlantic. Most of the LSW exported into the interior recirculates in the Newfoundland Basin (9.3 ± 3.5 Sv). However, approximately 3.2 ± 0.4 Sv cross the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge and flow southward east of the Azores. This branch feeds a westward quasi‐zonal pathway that recrosses the Ridge and returns to the western boundary around 30°N.

Understanding the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is essential for better predictions of our changing climate. Here we present an updated time series (August 2014 to June 2020) from the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program. The 6-year time series allows us to observe the seasonality of the subpolar overturning and meridional heat and freshwater transports. The overturning peaks in late spring and reaches a minimum in early winter, with a peak-to-trough range of 9.0 Sv. The overturning seasonal timing can be explained by winter transformation and the export of dense water, modulated by a seasonally varying Ekman transport. Furthermore, over 55% of the total meridional freshwater transport variability can be explained by its seasonality, largely owing to overturning dynamics. Our results provide the first observational analysis of seasonality in the subpolar North Atlantic overturning and highlight its important contribution to the total overturning variability observed to date.

The Subpolar North Atlantic is prone to recurrent extreme freshening events called Great Salinity Anomalies (GSAs). Here, we combine hydrographic ocean analyses and moored observations to document the arrival, spreading, and impacts of the most recent GSA in the Irminger Sea. This GSA is associated with a rapid freshening of the upper Irminger Sea between 2015 and 2020, culminating in annually averaged salinities as low as the freshest years of the 1990s and possibly since 1960. Upon the GSA propagation into the Irminger Sea over the Reykjanes Ridge, the boundary currents rapidly advected its signal around the basin within months while fresher waters slowly spread and accumulated into the interior. The anomalies in the interior freshened waters produced by deep convection during the 2017–2018 winter and actively contributed to the suppression of deep convection in the following two winters.

Down-front wind buoyancy forcing is stronger than heat loss buoyancy forcing in the western Irminger Sea.• We observe a subsurface ocean response to down-front winds consistent with slantwise convection.• Slantwise convection may mix waters to several times the conventionally-defined mixed layer depth in this region.

The mean North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW, 1000< z <5000 m) circulation and Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) variability offshore of Abaco, Bahamas at 26.5°N are investigated from nearly two decades of velocity and hydrographic observations, and outputs from a 30-year long eddy-resolving global simulation. Observations at 26.5°N and Argo-derived geostrophic velocities show the presence of a mean Abaco Gyre spanning the NADW layer, consisting of a closed cyclonic circulation between approximately 24-30°N and 72-77°W. The southward flowing portion of this gyre (the DWBC) is constrained to within ~150 km of the western boundary with a mean transport of ~30 Sv. Offshore of the DWBC, the data show a consistent northward recirculation with net transports varying from 6.5-16 Sv. Current meter records spanning 2008-2017 supported by the numerical simulation indicate that the DWBC transport variability is dominated by two distinct types of fluctuations: (1) periods of 250-280 days that occur regularly throughout the time-series; and (2) energetic oscillations with periods between 400-700 days that occur sporadically every 5-6 years and force the DWBC to meander far offshore for several months. The shorter-period variations are related to DWBC meandering caused by eddies propagating southward along the continental slope at 24-30°N, while the longer-period oscillations appear to be related to large anticyclonic eddies that slowly propagate northwestward counter to the DWBC flow between ~20-26.5°N. Observational and theoretical evidence suggest that these two types of variability might be generated, respectively, by DWBC instability processes and Rossby Waves reflecting from the western boundary.

"Olha ... eu não sei o que aconteceu, se aconteceu não to sabendo. Mas eu acho que o futebol não é isso o que aconteceu, porque eu não sei o que aconteceu. Mais o futebol foi o que aconteceu hoje, gols, jogadas bonitas e to feliz por isso ..." João Paulo, jogador de futebol, 2015 "You see ... I don't know what happened, if it happened I'm not aware of it. But I think that soccer isn't what just happened, because I don't know what happened. In addition, soccer was this what just happened today, goals, beautiful plays and I'm happy for it ..."

The dynamics of the deep recirculation offshore of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) between 15-30°N within the upper North Atlantic Deep Water layer (1000 ≤ z ≤ 3000 m) is investigated with two different eddy-resolving numerical simulations. Despite some differences in the recirculation cells, our assessment of the modeled deep isopycnal circulation patterns (36.77 ≤ σ2 ≤ 37.06 kg m−3) shows that both simulations predict the DWBC flowing southward along the continental slope, while the so-called Abaco Gyre and two additional cyclonic cells recirculate waters northward in the interior. These cells are a few degrees wide, located along the DWBC path, and characterized by potential vorticity (PV) changes occurring along their mean streamlines. The analysis of the mean PV budget reveals that these changes result from the action of eddy forcing that tends to erode the PV horizontal gradients. The lack of a major upper ocean boundary current within the study region, and the fact that the strongest eddy forcing is constrained within a few hundreds of kilometers of the western boundary, suggest that the DWBC is the primary source of eddy forcing. Finally, the eddies responsible for forcing the recirculation have dominant time scales between 100 and 300 days, which correspond to the primary observed variability scales of the DWBC transport at 26.5°N.