This scoping review provides an overview of the published literature, identifies research gaps, and summarises the current evidence of the association between elevated ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy and adverse maternal, foetal, and neonatal outcomes. Following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews reporting guidelines, a systematic search was conducted on CINAHL, PubMed, and Embase andincluded original articles published in the English language from 2015 to 2020 with no geographical limitations. A total of seventy-five studies were included, conducted across twenty-four countries, with a majority in the USA (n = 23) and China (n = 13). Study designs, temperature metrics, and exposure windows varied considerably across studies. Of the eighteenheat-associated adverse maternal, foetal, and neonatal outcomes identified, pre-term birth was the most common outcome (n = 30), followed by low birth weight (n = 11), stillbirth (n = 9), andgestational diabetes mellitus (n = 8). Overall, papers reported an increased risk with elevated temperature exposures. Less attention has been paid to relationships between heat and the diverse range of other adverse outcomes such as congenital anomalies and neonatal mortality. Further research on these less-reported outcomes is needed to improve understanding andthe effect size of these relationships with elevated temperatures, which we know will be exacerbated by climate change.

Hand hygiene is inexpensive, safe and cornerstone for infection prevention. This practice became more important especially with the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) COVID-19 outbreak. This paper highlighted hand hygiene as one of the key weapons in the prevention of COVID-19 spread. It also reflects the hand hygiene practices and promotions in the workplace such as in healthcare settings and for the public in relation to COVID-19 prevention.

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