No abstract

Objectives. To study the association between disease severity at first presentation to paediatric rheumatology (PRh) and length of time since symptom onset in children recruited to the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study.Methods. Children ≤16 yrs with inflammatory arthritis persisting ≥2 weeks were recruited from five UK hospitals. Data including demographics, disease features, Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), physician and parent global assessment and blood tests were collected at the first appointment with PRh (baseline). The association between symptom duration (defined as time from first reported symptom onset to presentation at PRh) and baseline disease characteristics was evaluated using non-parametric descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses.Results. Five hundred and seven children (65% female) were included: median age at onset was 6.8 yrs. Two hundred and thirty-three had oligoarthritis, 68 had RF-negative polyarthritis, 27 had systemic onset arthritis and 29 had arthritis that was not JIA. The median symptom duration was 4.6 months. Median symptom duration was shortest for children presenting with systemic arthritis (1.6 months) and longest for those with PsA (8.6 months). Children with a longer duration of symptoms were older and had higher median active joint counts but lower median ESR. Symptom duration did not correlate with CHAQ score at presentation.Conclusions. Children who have systemic arthritis had the shortest delay to PRh presumably because they are profoundly unwell. Children with joint pain/stiffness but normal ESR had longer delays suggesting that if blood tests do not indicate inflammation, the diagnosis of JIA may be overlooked.

Hospital treatment was more effective but more expensive than home treatment. Potential methods to improve outcome at home should be considered but these may have resource implications.

Alfentanil requirements were compared in thirty-six Asian and forty-three European patients during general anaesthesia with muscle relaxants. Alfentanil infusion at 5 jlg/kg/min was started immediately after induction with thiopentone and alcuronium. The infusion rate was reduced to 0.5 jlg/kg/min after ten minutes. An incremental dose of5 jlg/kg/minfor five minutes was given on each occasion when anaesthesia was clinically judged to be inadequate. Recovery parameters were recorded. Pharmacokinetics were also studied in five Europeans, four Chinese and four Nepalese. The dosage of alfentanil required was comparable in both Asian and European patients, but recovery was slower in the Asian patients. The elimination ha(f-/ife in the Chinese and the Nepalese were both significantly shorter than that of the Europeans (P < 0.05), but at the time of recovery of spontaneous ventilation, the mean plasma concentrations were not significantly different.

BMD, adjusted for size, should be assessed as the primary outcome in studies of bone health in children with JIA. Quantitative computed tomography could be used where equipment is available as it offers the advantage of measuring volumetric density. Bisphosphonates are a promising treatment for osteoporosis in children with JIA, but the quality of the current evidence is poor. The accurate assessment of outcome is crucial. There are still uncertainties about the use of bisphosphonates in children, including whether the positive effects of treatment continue over time, the length of treatment and the maximal bone mass gain that can be achieved. Adults with JIA may have persistent low BMD compared with an otherwise healthy population together with an increased risk of fracture. There are no studies evaluating the costs of treating children with JIA and low BMD and/or fragility fractures. There are few data evaluating the costs of treating JIA in general. In the first 12 months after diagnosis, children with all JIA disease subtypes consume large, but highly variable, quantities of health service resources, the largest component being the consultant rheumatology appointments. Data from a larger cohort, over a longer period, are required to substantiate these results further. Further research is needed to assess more clearly the role and permit licensing of bisphosphonates for treatment of children, and in particular, longer-term studies.

No abstract

No abstract

Dr Goldman described the results of a welldesigned double-blind trial comparing lignocaine, now regarded as a standard analgesic, with a newer compound, prilocaine; 67 dental surgeons and over 12,000 cases were involved. It was shown that 3 % prilocaine with adrenaline 1: 300,000 was as effective but shorter acting than 2% lignocaine with adrenaline 1: 80,000; initial pain was less with prilocaine and onset of anmesthesia was as quick as with lignocaine.An early analysis of some of the results of this trial has been published by Goldman & Gray (1963, Brit. dent. J. 115, 59).