Cigarette smoking and thyroid eye disease: a systematic review

Ja, Thornton; Kelly, SP; Ra, Harrison; Edwards, Richard

doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702603

Cited by 168 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The negative influence of cigarette smoking on GD is well established [16,17]. In a meta-analysis performed by Vestergaard, the risk for GD was higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers.…”

Section: Graves' Disease (Gd) and Graves' Orbitopathy (Go)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Wpływ palenia papierosów na tarczycę — aktualizacja

Sawicka‐Gutaj¹,

Gutaj²,

Sowiński³

et al. 2014

Endokrynologia Polska

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Many studies have shown that cigarette smoking exerts multiple effects on the thyroid gland. Smoking seems to induce changes in thyroid function tests, like decrease in TSH and increase in thyroid hormones. However, these alterations are usually mild. In addition, tobacco smoking may also play a role in thyroid autoimmunity. Many studies have confirmed a significant influence of smoking on Graves' hyperthyroidism and particularly on Graves' orbitopathy. Here, smoking may increase the risk of disease development, may reduce the effectiveness of treatment, and eventually induce relapse. The role of smoking in Hashimoto's thyroiditis is not as well established as in Graves' disease. Nonetheless, lower prevalence of thyroglobulin antibodies, thyroperoxidase antibiodies and hypothyroidism were found in smokers. These findings contrast with a study that reported increased risk of hypothyroidism in smokers with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Moreover, cigarette smoking increases the incidence of multinodular goitre, especially in iodine-deficient areas. Some studies have examined cigarette smoking in relation to the risk of thyroid cancer. Interestingly, many of them have shown that smoking may reduce the risk of differentiated thyroid cancer. Furthermore, both active and passive smoking during pregnancy might modify maternal and foetal thyroid function. This review evaluates the current data concerning the influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland, including hormonal changes, autoimmunity and selected diseases. These findings, however, in our opinion, should be carefully evaluated and some of them are not totally evidence-based. Further studies are required to explain the effects of smoking upon thyroid pathophysiology. StreszczenieWyniki wielu badań dowodzą, że palenie papierosów wywiera istotny wpływ na gruczoł tarczowy. Wykazano, że nikotynizm modyfikuje parametry hormonalne tarczycy, w szczególności prowadzi do obniżenia stężenia TSH. Sugeruje się, że może również powodować nieznaczny wzrost stężenia wolnych hormonów tarczycy. Ponadto, palenie papierosów odgrywa istotną rolę w procesach autoimmunologicznych związanych z gruczołem tarczowym. Dowiedziono, że nikotynizm wywiera negatywny wpływ na przebieg choroby Gravesa i Basedowa oraz orbitopatii Gravesa i Basedowa. Palenie papierosów nie tylko zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju powyższych schorzeń, ale zmniejsza również skuteczność terapii i zwiększa ryzyko nawrotu. Wpływ palenia papierosów na chorobę Hashimoto nie jest tak jednoznacznie dowiedziony, jak w chorobie Gravesa i Basedowa. Sugeruje się, że palenie papierosów może negatywnie korelować z mianem przeciwciał przeciwko tyreoglobulinie oraz tyreoperoksydazie, zmniejszając w konsekwencji ryzyko rozwoju hipotyreozy. Palenie papierosów zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia wola guzkowego szczególnie na obszarach niedoboru jodu. Interesująco przedstawiają się również wyniki badań nad wpływem palenia papierosów na ryzyko wystąpienia raka tarczycy. Wiele z nich dowodzi, że u palaczy ryzyko raka zróżnicowanego tarczycy jest mn...

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Section: Graves' Disease (Gd) and Graves' Orbitopathy (Go)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Wpływ palenia papierosów na tarczycę — aktualizacja

Sawicka‐Gutaj¹,

Gutaj²,

Sowiński³

et al. 2014

Endokrynologia Polska

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“…Is smoking related to the occurrence, severity, and progression of GO? (Box 2) † There is a strong and consistent association between smoking and GO (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). † Smokers suffer more severe GO (14,15,17) than non-smokers.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO

Bartalena¹,

Baldeschi²,

Dickinson³

et al. 2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

609

476

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“…Onset of addiction to smoking at 10-15 years of age was 9(6%), [16][17][18][19][20] There was significant correlation between onset of presbyopia and onset of addiction to cigarette P≤0.02.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2004 Surgeon General's report on smoking concluded that a causal relationship exists between smoking and nuclear cataract and found evidence that was suggestive of a relationship between smoking and AMD [17]. Several observational studies have determined that smoking is a strong risk factor for the development of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and thyroid eye diseases [18,19]. A few studies is conducted on Prevalence of presbyopia among Smoking population in Iran , Therefore we designed this study with the aim of determining the prevalence of differences in age at onset and progression of presbyopia between smoking and non smoking patients in Qazvin-Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of presbyopia among smoking population

Khalaj¹,

Gasemi²,

Barikani³

et al. 2014

J Eye Ophthalmol

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Background: Presbyopia is a natural part of the aging process of the eye in which the loss of flexibility of the crystalline lens takes place over a number of years. This study aimed to determine differences in age of onset and progression of presbyopia between smoking and non smoking patients in Qazvin-Iran. Material and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in Boali Hospital in Qazvin-Iran between 2011 and 2012. Within the context of this survey, 304 eligible participants over 30 years age were randomly selected for interview and underwent nearvision testing. Of these, 152 participants were smokers and formed the case group and 152 non-smoking people were considered control participants. Functional presbyopia was defined as requiring at least +0.75 diopter in order to read the N8 optotype at a distance of 35 cm in the participant's usual visual state. Optometric and ophthalmologic examinations were performed on all participants. presbyopic correction coverage were calculated and the results were analyzed using SPSS Program with P<0.05. Resuts: A total of 304 participants' records were evaluated. Of those, 152 cigarette smokers were categorized as samples and 152 normal patients as control group. Eighty-five patients with ages between 39-40 year among smoking group needed to use glasses for near tasks, but nobody in normal group needed presbyopic glasses. There were significant differences in the age of onset and or progression of presbyopia were detected between smoking and normal patients (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study is the first population-based investigation of presbyopia in Iran, with the aim of determining age of onset and progression of presbyopia among smoking people related to normal population. The results of this study indicate that the onset of presbyopia among smoking group was earlier than normal group. Statistically significant difference in the age of onset and progression of presbyopia was found between smoking and non-smoking patients.

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Cigarette smoking and thyroid eye disease: a systematic review

Cited by 168 publications

References 31 publications

Wpływ palenia papierosów na tarczycę — aktualizacja

Wpływ palenia papierosów na tarczycę — aktualizacja

Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO

Prevalence of presbyopia among smoking population

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