The mode of action of a semisynthetic glycopeptide active against vancomycin-resistant bacteria has been investigated. It is shown that the antibiotic, biphenylchloroeremomycin or LY307599, dimerizes strongly and anchors to membranes. It is hypothesized that these two locating devices, previously identified by us when acting separately, might combine to give enhanced binding at a cell surface. This hypothesis is tested experimentally by showing that glycopeptides can bind cell-wall precursor analogues from resistant bacteria (terminating in -D-lactate) in a similar manner to those from susceptible bacteria (terminating in -D-alanine) and by using model cell surfaces where the benefits of dimerization can be expressed and studied. These model systems use vesicles to represent the cell membrane, to which cell wall analogues are anchored Via a docosanoyl chain, so mimicking the arrangement encountered at the cell surface. Using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate enhanced binding due to dimerization and propose that this enhancement will act cooperatively with membrane anchoring in biphenylchloroeremomycin.
An N-methyltransferase responsible for methylating the Nterminal leucine of a vancomycin group antibiotic has been expressed, and its activity assayed against a series of putative vancomycin precursors.
In determining structure-activity relationships, it is advantageous if binding constants for a variety of ligands to a given target molecule can be directly obtained from a single aqueous solution containing a mixture of ligands and the target molecule. In this paper further evidence is provided showing that electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) can be used in the rapid quantitative analysis of mixtures of vancomycin-group antibiotics and their bacterial cell-wall receptors allowing the identification of even subtle differences in binding constants. Differences in affinities are quantified for a mixture of vancomycin antibiotics (vancomycin, dechlorovancomycin and N-demethylvancomycin) and for a mixture of ristocetin A and its pseudoaglycone. Binding constants determined by ESI-MS were found to be in close agreement with those determined by more direct methods in aqueous solution.
The formation of heterodimers in mixtures of glycopeptide antibiotics has been detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and dimerization constants have been determined. By using NMR spectroscopy, it has been shown that these heterodimers indeed exist in aqueous solution. The dimerization constants obtained by NMR spectroscopy are in good agreement with those determined by ESI-MS. Structural information on the heterodimer interface of some of the heterodimers is obtained by using two-dimensional NMR techniques and reveals that these heterodimers are similar in structure to the homodimers.
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