Wetlands are characterized by frequent saturated conditions, dense vegetation growth and thus high evapotranspiration (ET) rates. Understanding wetland processes and water resource implications of wetland management and restoration requires estimates of ET rates. The analysis of diurnal groundwater fluctuations (DGFs) for estimating ET has been established for nearly 80 years, yet the method is not yet well utilized in practice due to inherent limitations. This paper assesses contemporary updates to the method to define a consistent tool and applies this to two contrasting riparian zones, in southeast England and northeast Germany. The method's accuracy is compared to reference ET evaluation methods and its utility for wetland hydrological management is assessed. Finally, practical guidance on how to apply the tool is provided, with a view to providing robust estimation of ET loss at wetland sites.

[1] The scope of the present paper is the evaluation of the exchange of momentum in natural streams to explore the contribution that turbulence and secondary currents have on the shear stress distributions within the flow, and hence evaluate the overall hydraulic resistance. Existing methods for the evaluation of shear stresses in rivers are examined with respect to their applicability to complex flow fields, and a new mathematical formulation for analyzing the shear stresses affecting the longitudinal velocity distribution is presented. This new method enables one to estimate the time-averaged principal shear stress and its particular components due to turbulence and secondary currents directly from three-dimensional velocity data. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure the currents and turbulence at five cross-sections of two field sites over a wide range of discharges. The results of the cross-sectional measurements reflect the nonuniformity of the river bed roughness, cross-sectional form, and planform. Limited applicability was found for methods based on the theory of two-dimensional boundary layer flows. Shear stresses estimated using the new method emphasize the dominance of secondary currents on the total momentum flux. Momentum fluxes caused by secondary currents were an order of magnitude larger than momentum fluxes due to turbulence.Citation: Noss, C., T. Salzmann, and I. Storchenegger (2010), Turbulent and advective momentum fluxes in streams, Water Resour. Res., 46, W12518,

In field soils, transport properties vary vertically and horizontally. With experimental measurements it is distinctly easier to consider the vertical than the horizontal variability. We present a simple approach for considering the horizontal variability of the transport behavior of the soil in a one-dimensional transport model. The model approach assumes independence on dept h of the vertical dispersion coefficient, which is justified by the relatively small effects of the vertical dispersion in comparison to those of the horizontal dispersion only. The approach is based on numerical experiments using different parameter statistics. An analytical expression of the dependence of effective parameters, describing the transport at the field scale, on the statistical lognormal distributions of transport parameters at the local scale is derived heuristically by careful inspection of the numerical experimental results. The model was tested in (1) a reevaluation of a one-dimensional field experiment with chloride tracer in a heavy loam soil of Roth (1989), and (2) a two-dimensional leaching field experiment with the same tracer in a sandy soil plot of 5600 m 2. For both experiments the model using lognormal • local parameter distributions provides a satisfactory representation of field averages of the vertical transport derived from local measurements. IntrOduction In the past few years, some "real" field scale experiments on tracer transport in heterogeneous soils have been done [Butters et al., 1989a, b; Ellsworth et al., 1991; Roth et al., 1991]. Their results call for a concise model description. Deterministic modeling of tracer transport in real Soils necessitates considering the vertical as well as the horizontal variability of transport parameters as well as of upper boundary fluxes. To obtain the transport parameter fields with a field scale three-dimensional approach, we have to solve the inverse problem using threedimensional fields of measured water content and tracer concentrations at different times. Such solutions will be rather difficult or even intractable in the event of limited information about the changing tracer fields. Usually, we are interested in the vertical transport component only. The vertical heterogeneity of transport parameters may be considered by assuming layers Or parameters changing continuously with depth (see, for example, Cvetcovic and Shapiro [1989], Leij et al. [1991], and Destouni [1992]). Depending On the type of soil [Shepard, 1993; Vereecken et al., 1992] or mechanistic model considered, vertical dispersion is neither constant [Tseng and Jury, 1994] nor usually strongly changing with depth for more homogeneous soils. For the case of refilling an emptied soil in fall in temperate climates, we try to neglect the intermediate hysteresis-affected redistributions between different precipitation events and regard, for the sake of

No abstract

Zusammenfassung: Der Lebenserwartungssurvey (LES) ist einer der wenigen überregi-onalen Längsschnittdatensätze in Deutschland. Für eine Beobachtungszeit von maximal 14 Jahren (1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998) lässt sich der Survivalstatus der Stichprobenmitglieder verfolgen. Durch die Verknüpfung mit den vielfältig erhobenen personenge bundenen Informationen zu sozioökonomischen, demographischen, gesundheitsrelevanten und medizinischen Merkmalen bietet der LES die Gelegenheit für umfangreiche Mortalitätsuntersuchungen. Bisher wurde jedoch die beobachtete Sterblichkeit der Stichprobenpopulation nicht hinreichend auf Bevölkerungsrepräsentativität untersucht. Dies wird notwendig, wenn Stichprobenergebnisse auf die Allgemeinbevölkerung übertragen werden sollen. Diese Lücke soll der vorliegende Beitrag schließen. Mit Hilfe des Konzeptes "Relative Survival" wird gezeigt, dass die Hypothese übereinstimmender Sterblichkeit zwischen Stichprobenpopulation und westdeutscher Allgemeinbevölkerung nicht abgelehnt werden kann. Um die heterogene Zusammensetzung der Stichprobenpopulation im Konzept des "Relative Survival" kontrollieren zu können, wird deren erwartete Personenzahl im Zeitablauf berechnet, die sich ergibt, wenn für den entsprechenden Beobachtungszeitraum die tatsächliche Sterblichkeit der westdeutschen Bevölkerung unterstellt wird. Als zwei unabhängig anzusehende Survivalverläufe werden der beobachtete und der erwartete Survivalverlauf mit Hilfe des Hall-Wellner-Konfi denzbandes überprüft. Auf Grund des Stichproben designs des LES liegen rechts-und intervallzensierte Survivalangaben vor, die entsprechend dem Konzept des "Relative Survival" adäquat berücksichtigt werden müssen. Dazu muss eine Balance zwischen dem Nutzen aller verfügbaren Informationen und der Plausibilität der Methodik gefunden werden. Für die Umsetzung wurde ein Programm in R verfasst. Abstract:The Life Expectancy Survey (LES) is one of the few national longitudinal surveys in Germany. The follow-up period for the survival status of the sample population is a maximum of 14 years (1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998). The LES affords an opportunity for comprehensive mortality analysis, along with numerous items of personal information on socio-economical, demographic, physical and medical characteristics. However, the observed mortality of the sample population has not yet been adequately tested for representativeness. This becomes necessary if the results that have been obtained for the sample population are to be translated into the general population. The paper at hand aims at closing this gap. By applying the concept of 'relative survival', it will be shown that the mortality of the sample population does not differ from the mortality of the general population in Western Germany. To control for the heterogeneous composition of the sample population in the concept of 'relative survival', we calculate the expected number of survivors that ...