The interests on devolved system of government have increased over time in Africa. This paper looks at devolution and governance conflicts in Africa. The paper makes an attempt in assessing the likely conflicts from this system and possibly so their mitigations with the Kenyan scenario. The study applies the underlined objectives in achieving its goals. Ultimately, the paper will attempt to answer questions such as; what is devolution? Why devolution? What is the rationale of devolution? What are the likely conflicts inherent in devolution and governance in Africa from the global experience? What are the mitigations available and its prospects and challenges? Confusions linger as to whether devolution is decentralization or federalism. In tackling the objectives, this study tries to make clarity to these dilemmas.
The impact of infectious diseases is a real global phenomenon in the 21 st century buoyed by the accelerated pace of globalization which seem to dissolve the distinctions between; many domestic and foreign issues, regions and multinational actors, and even friendly and hostile states. The impact of infectious diseases on Kenya's health diplomacy calls for need to enhance public health partnerships to tackle such issues of international concern to effectively handle such diplomacy matters and timely. The study used qualitative study methodology by describing the context of Kenya's health diplomacy and employing available documents analysis. The study concluded that controlling emerging and reemerging infectious diseases require extreme actions and coordination between many national and international actors which Kenya and her international network of states must do through diplomacy.However, the decision on which health issues should be given priority on the foreign policy and diplomacy agenda contribute to overall improvement in diplomatic relations, which may enhance inter-state relations. ENVISAGED PROBLEM IN HEALTH DIPLOMACYThe latest decades of contemporary international relations is characterized by many dilemmas from security to economics and health. Though health has been peripherally situated from mainstream issues in Diplomacy, it has in fact featured prominently in inter and intra state politics to affect how states relate, transact with one another, and perceive each other in the Neoliberalist and Realist world. Some states have established positive steps in their health diplomacy to show their seriousness to this issue hence easier to measure impact of infectious diseases on their diplomacy. On the other hand, it is not clear what the impact of infectious diseases is on Kenya's diplomacy. It is this gap that propels the study to examine the existing state of affairs. METHODOLOGY EMPLOYEDThis study set off to use qualitative study methodology involving describing the context of Kenya's health diplomacy in relation to impact of infectious diseases and the existing practice of health diplomacy operational application. Available documents were also analyzed.
East African Community from a traditional three states to the current six states has undergone different experiences in her cooperation and integration process from the pre-independence, the independence era, and post-independence era which suits the definition of the contemporary era. The context of the contemporary global political economy revolves around a post-tripartite trading block among neighboring states, shaped by empirical theory (what is the question) as opposed to the normative theory of “what ought to be”. Such realities are relationships based in forms of amity and enmity in the process of competition between citizens/states over policy preferences and interests. The resultant effects lead to; first, shifts in patterns of cooperation and integration, and secondly, the existence of durability and endurability in cooperation and integration. After examination and assessment of the effects respectively in relation to the East African experience, this article/presentation proposes a need to transcend the above enmity for amity in East African Community Cooperation and Integration process. Underscoring the existence of amity and enmity in state cooperation and integration in a region such as EAC defines a Regional Security Complex due to socio-eco-political beneficial security interdependences and existing vs potential conflicts. The need for a unified developmental-centric approach through cooperation and integration by EAC from the foregoing prompts the need for the application of Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) by Buzan and Waver.
The usage of Regional Security Theory is rampant in many areas of traditional security. It has not so much been applied to non-traditional security areas such as elections. The paper sought to find applicability of RSCT on the backdrop of the fact that many previous elections have been marred by intrastate violence, conflict laden electoral management dynamics (political architecture, systemic models, operational issues, and security strategies) which have unprecentedly caused threats to the East African regional security architecture in socio-eco-political perspectives. Despite inherent complexities that exist in Inter-State Security Arrangements (ISSA) due to functional-structural weakness of core state institutions, additionally, the researcher focused the study theoretically using Buzan and Waever's Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) in Regions and Power which address areas of internal "security interdependence" and securitization among states linked geographically to find its significance to non-traditional security context. The theory's multi-dimensional nature fits different settings as a way of theorizing securitization and was interesting within the neo-liberal regimes set by regionalization in the East African Region.
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