A number of recent studies have documented rapid changes in behavioural sensory acuity induced by aversive learning in the olfactory and auditory modalities. The effect of aversive learning on the discrimination of low-level features in the visual system of humans remains unclear. Here, we used a psychophysical staircase procedure to estimate discrimination thresholds for oriented grating stimuli, before and after differential aversive learning. We discovered that when a target grating orientation was conditioned with an aversive loud noise, it subsequently led to an improvement of discrimination acuity in nearly all subjects. However, no such change was observed in a control group conditioned to an orientation shifted by ±90° from the target. Our findings cannot be explained by contextual learning or sensitisation factors. The results converge with those reported in the olfactory modality and provide further evidence that early sensory systems can be rapidly modified by recently experienced reinforcement histories.

Pour augmenter la productivité du troupeau ovin français, l’INRA a créé la souche synthétique INRA 401 en croisant la race Berrichon du Cher (bonnes aptitudes bouchères mais peu prolifique, peu maternelle, toison blanche) avec la race Romanov (très prolifique, maternelle, mais faibles aptitudes bouchères et toison colorée). La procréation de 4 générations successives (1970 - 1980) a mis en évidence l’absence d’hétérosis et de régression de la taille de portée de la F1 à la F4. La lignée obtenue présente une taille moyenne de portée de 2 agneaux par mise bas (sur brebis de 3 ans), une excellente fertilité à contre-saison, une bonne viabilité des agneaux à la naissance. A partir de 1980, le troupeau a été soumis à la sélection, d’abord sur la prolificité seule puis sur la prolificité et la valeur laitière et, depuis 1989, sur prolificité, valeur laitière, caractères de croissance et caractères bouchers. La souche a été diffusée en fermes par la vente de béliers utilisés en croisement d’absorption sur brebis croisées Romanov x race locale, et ce sur 4 générations. Ce programme concernait en 1990, 152 élevages (28 000 brebis) réunis au sein d’une association des éleveurs utilisateurs : l’AUSI 401.

The rhythmic delivery of visual stimuli evokes large-scale neuronal entrainment in the form of steady-state oscillatory field potentials. The spatiotemporal properties of stimulus drive appear to constrain the relative degrees of neuronal entrainment. Specific frequency ranges, for example, are uniquely suited for enhancing the strength of stimulus-driven brain oscillations. When it comes to the nature of the visual stimulus itself, studies have used a plethora of inputs ranging from spatially unstructured empty fields to simple contrast patterns (checkerboards, gratings, stripes) and complex arrays (human faces, houses, natural scenes). At present, little is known about how the global spatial statistics of the input stimulus influence entrainment of scalp-recorded electrophysiological signals. In this study, we used rhythmic entrainment source separation of scalp EEG to compare stimulus-driven phase alignment for distinct classes of visual inputs, including broadband spatial noise ensembles with varying second-order statistics, natural scenes, and narrowband sine-wave gratings delivered at a constant flicker frequency. The relative magnitude of visual entrainment was modulated by the global properties of the driving stimulus. Entrainment was strongest for pseudo-naturalistic broadband visual noise patterns in which luminance contrast is greatest at low spatial frequencies (a power spectrum slope characterized by 1/ƒ). Rhythmically modulated visual stimuli entrain the activity of neuronal populations, but the effect of global stimulus statistics on this entrainment is unknown. We assessed entrainment evoked by ) visual noise ensembles with different spectral slopes,) complex natural scenes, and ) narrowband sinusoidal gratings. Entrainment was most effective for broadband noise with naturalistic luminance contrast. This reveals some global properties shaping stimulus-driven brain oscillations in the human visual system.