A nine chambered circular apparatus (rosette) was used to test the ability of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and black bullhead (Ictalurus melus) from Italy, to detect and avoid lethal concentrations of gas supersaturated water. These species are important food fish and are being considered for mass culture in warm water discharges in Italy. Neither species immediately avoided gas supersaturated water. Although the fish eventually avoided extremes of 146% saturation (total gas pressure) after symptoms of gas bubble disease developed, this response did not necessarily preclude mortality. We observed no avoidance to supersaturation levels near the 96 h LC50. Thus, avoidance will not protect these species from gas bubble disease mortalities and gas levels in culture facilities should be maintained below hazardous thresholds.
Supersaturation of surface water with atmospheric gases may result from hydroelectric or thermoelectric power generation and adversely affect aquatic biota. Although the phenomenon has been extensively studied in the northwestern United States, its occurrence is less well documented in Europe. We evaluated the tolerance ofcarp, Cyprinus carpio, and black bullhead, Ictalurus melas, from Italy to gas supersaturated water and compared our results to data reported in the literature for the same species from the Columbia River, U S A . Carp and black bullhead from Italy were more susceptible to gas supersaturation than those from the Columbia River. This may reflect greater adaptation ofColumbia River fish due to their historical exposure to supersaturated water resulting from numerous hydroelectric dams.
We report the levels of aluminium, calcium and potassium in selected tissues of growing rats administered dietary or subcutaneous aluminium, and also the effect of dietary aluminium in combination with cholecalciferol, or with lactose plus a dietary chelating agent. Dietary aluminium decreased the growth rate of normal rats and increased the deposition of aluminium in the tissues. Animals given lactose with a dietary chelator showed a 17 - 100% increase in brain, heart, and muscle aluminium concentration in comparison with those fed aluminium alone. Animals fed both aluminium with cholecalciferol also showed increased levels (12-39%) of aluminium, chiefly in muscle and heart in comparison with those fed aluminium alone. Aluminium deposition was correlated positively with Ca2+ and K+ levels among each of these tissues. We conclude that in normal growing rats aluminium deposition is increased in heart and muscle in the presence of vitamin D3 and in brain, heart and muscle in the presence of lactose and a dietary chelating agent.
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