Although there is adequate evidence that bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is an inheritable disorder, there is a great controversy regarding the pathogenesis of dilatation of the proximal aorta. The hemodynamic theory was the first explanation for BAV aortopathy. The genetic theory, however, has become increasingly popular over the last decade and can now be viewed as the clearly dominant one. The widespread belief that BAV disease is a congenital disorder of vascular connective tissue has led to more aggressive treatment recommendations of the proximal aorta in such patients, approaching aortic management recommendations for patients with Marfan syndrome. There is emerging evidence that the 'clinically normal' BAV is associated with abnormal flow patterns and asymmetrically increased wall stress in the proximal aorta. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies on BAV function provide a unique hemodynamic insight into the different phenotypes of BAV disease and asymmetry of corresponding aortopathy even in the presence of a 'clinically normal' BAV. On the other hand, there is a subgroup of young male patients with BAV and a root dilatation phenotype, who may present the predominantly genetic form of BAV disease. In the face of these important findings, we feel that a critical review of this clinical problem is timely and appropriate, as the prevailing BAV-aortopathy theory undoubtedly affects the surgical approach to this common clinical entity. Thorough analysis of the recent literature shows a growing amount of evidence supporting the hemodynamic theory of aortopathy in patients with BAV disease. Data from recent studies requires a reevaluation of our overwhelming support of the genetic theory, and obliges us to acknowledge that hemodynamics plays an important role in the development of this disease process. Given the marked heterogeneity of BAV disease, further studies are required in order to more precisely determine which theory is the 'correct' one for explaining the obviously different types of BAV-associated aortopathy.

Minimal invasive MV repair, along with certain concomitant procedures, can be performed in the vast majority of patients with MR. Our large series demonstrates that these procedures can be performed with low perioperative complication rates and very good durability.

Objective: Aortic surgical procedures requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest are associated with altered hemostasis and increased bleeding. In a randomized clinical trial, we evaluated effects of thromboelastometrically guided algorithm on transfusion requirements. Methods: Fifty-six consecutive patients (25 with acute type A dissection) undergoing aortic surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest were enrolled in a randomized trial during a 6-month period. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment group (n ¼ 27) with thromboelastometrically guided transfusion algorithm or control group (n ¼ 29) with routine transfusion practices (clinical judgment-guided transfusion followed by transfusion according to coagulation test results). Primary end point was cumulative allogeneic blood units (red blood cells, fresh-frozen plasma, and platelets) transfused. Results: Transfusion of allogeneic blood was significantly reduced in the thromboelastometry group: median 9.0 units (interquartile range, 2.0-30.0 units) versus. 16.0 units (9.0-23.0 units, P ¼ .02). Most significant decrease was in the use of fresh-frozen plasma (3.0 units, 0-12.0 units, vs 8.0 units, 4.0-18.0 units, P ¼ .005). Postoperative blood loss (890 mL/d, 600-1250 mL/d vs 950 mL/d, 650-1400 mL/d, p ¼ 0.5) and rate of surgical re-exploration (19% vs 24%, P ¼ .7) were similar between groups. Thromboelastometrically guided algorithm significantly decreased need for massive perioperative transfusion (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.9; P ¼ .03) in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Thromboelastometrically guided transfusion is associated with a decreased use of allogeneic blood units and reduced incidence of massive transfusion in patients undergoing aortic surgery with circulatory arrest.

Preoperative malperfusion is a significant risk factor influencing perioperative and long-term survival after surgery for acute type A dissection. Percutaneous interventional procedures and delayed surgery should be considered in patients with clinically apparent mesenteric malperfusion because of the dismal prognosis of immediate surgical therapy.

Both repair techniques for posterior mitral leaflet prolapse are associated with excellent results and appear comparable in the early postoperative course. The loop technique, however, results in a significantly longer line of leaflet coaptation and may therefore be more durable. Longer follow-up is required.

In this initial experience, treatment with the ACURATE neo prosthesis resulted in good clinical outcomes with very low complication rates.

Secondary surgical procedures after stenting of the thoracic aorta can be performed with very good results, despite the challenging clinical scenarios. Identification of successful surgical strategies for this difficult clinical problem is important in the era of increasing endovascular therapy.

BAV patients with aortic valve stenosis and concomitant mild-to-moderate ascending aortic dilation are at a considerably low risk of adverse aortic events at 15 years after an isolated AVR. The BAV phenotype should be considered when determining the risk of subsequent adverse aortic events and the need for concomitant aortic replacement.