We give here the background and basis for the new international electrical reference standards of voltage and resistance that are to come into effect worldwide starting on 1st January 1990. Founded on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects, respectively, these new reference standards will improve significantly the international uniformity of electrical measurements and their consistency with the SI. 1 The members of the CCE Working Group on the Josephson Effect were R. Kaarls (VSL), B. P. Kibble (NPL), B. N. Taylor (NIST), and T. J. Witt, Coordinator (BIPM). The members of the CCE Working Group on the Quantum Hall Effect were F. Delahaye (BIPM), T. Endo (ETL), 0. C. Jones (NPL), V. Kose (PTB), B. N. Taylor, Coordinator (NIST), and B. M. Wood (NRC). (See the Appendix for the laboratory abbreviations used throughout this paper.
The results of two key comparisons of 10 pF capacitance, CCEM-K4 and EUROMET.EM-K4, are linked by means of the results of six of the laboratories that participated in both comparisons. The linking process yields degrees of equivalence with respect to the key comparison reference value (derived from CCEM-K4) and the pairwise degrees of equivalence between the participants in both comparisons.
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