Much remains to be learned about the biology of mushroom-forming fungi, which are an important source of food, secondary metabolites and industrial enzymes. The wood-degrading fungus Schizophyllum commune is both a genetically tractable model for studying mushroom development and a likely source of enzymes capable of efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Comparative analyses of its 38.5-megabase genome, which encodes 13,210 predicted genes, reveal the species's unique wood-degrading machinery. One-third of the 471 genes predicted to encode transcription factors are differentially expressed during sexual development of S. commune. Whereas inactivation of one of these, fst4, prevented mushroom formation, inactivation of another, fst3, resulted in more, albeit smaller, mushrooms than in the wild-type fungus. Antisense transcripts may also have a role in the formation of fruiting bodies. Better insight into the mechanisms underlying mushroom formation should affect commercial production of mushrooms and their industrial use for producing enzymes and pharmaceuticals.

The mushroom-producing fungus Schizophyllum commune has thousands of mating types defined, in part, by numerous lipopeptide pheromones and their G protein-linked receptors. Compatible combinations of pheromones and receptors encoded by different mating types regulate a pathway of sexual development leading to mushroom formation and meiosis. A complex set of pheromone-receptor interactions maximizes the likelihood of outbreeding; for example, a single pheromone can activate more than one receptor and a single receptor can be activated by more than one pheromone. The current study demonstrates that the sex pheromones and receptors of Schizophyllum, when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can substitute for endogenous pheromone and receptor and induce the yeast pheromone response pathway through the yeast G protein. Secretion of active Schizophyllum pheromone requires some, but not all, of the biosynthetic machinery used by the yeast lipopeptide pheromone a-factor. The specificity of interaction among pheromone-receptor pairs in Schizophyllum was reproduced in yeast, thus providing a powerful system for exploring molecular aspects of pheromone-receptor interactions for a class of seven-transmembrane-domain receptors common to a wide range of organisms.

We have characterized the molecular organization and expression of four proline-rich protein genes from Arabidopsis (AtPRPs). These genes predict two classes of cell wall proteins based on DNA sequence identity, repetitive motifs, and domain organization. AtPRP1 and AtPRP3 encode proteins containing an N-terminal PRPlike domain followed by a C-terminal domain that is biased toward P, T, Y, and K. AtPRP2 and AtPRP4 represent a second, novel group of PRP genes that encode two-domain proteins containing a nonrepetitive N-terminal domain followed by a PRP-like region rich in P, V, K, and C. Northern hybridization analysis indicated that AtPRP1 and AtPRP3 are exclusively expressed in roots, while transcripts encoding AtPRP2 and AtPRP4 were most abundant in aerial organs of the plant. Histochemical analyses of promoter/␤-glucuronidase fusions localized AtPRP3 expression to regions of the root containing root hairs. AtPRP2 and AtPRP4 expression was detected in expanding leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques. In addition, AtPRP4 expression was detected in stipules and during the early stages of lateral root formation. These studies support a model for involvement of PRPs in specifying cell-type-specific wall structures, and provide the basis for a genetic approach to dissect the function of PRPs during growth and development.

SUMMARY A small pneumatic cuff inflated around the knee was used to produce tourniquet paralysis in baboons. A cuff pressure of 1,000 mm Hg maintained for one to three hours produced paralysis of distal muscles lasting up to three months. Nerve conduction studies showed that most of the motor fibres to the abductor hallucis muscle were blocked at the level of the cuff and that they conducted impulses normally in their distal parts. There was a significant correlation between the duration of compression and that of the subsequent conduction block. When tested two to three weeks after the tourniquet, the amplitude of the response of m. abductor hallucis to nerve stimulation distal to the cuff was usually slightly reduced compared with the precompression figure. This was assumed to mean that a small proportion of the motor fibres had undergone Wallerian degeneration as a result of compression. Maximal motor conduction velocity was reduced in recovering nerves. It was also reduced when a cuff pressure of 500 mm Hg was used, which was insufficient to produce persistent conduction block. In such cases a reduced velocity without evidence of block could be demonstrated 24 hours after compression. Ascending nerve action potentials were recorded from the sciatic nerve in the thigh, with stimulation at the ankle. Before compression the fastest afferent fibres had a significantly higher velocity than the fastest motor fibres in the same nerve trunk. Results after compression suggested that the high-velocity afferent fibres had a susceptibility to the procedure similar to that of the fastest motor fibres.In clinical practice, particularly in orthopaedic surgery, it is well recognized that the application of a tourniquet to a limb is sometimes followed by paralysis which may persist for weeks or months. While most of the reports in the literature date from the period when rubber tubing or Esmarch bandages were used (Lejars, 1912;Eckhoff, 1931), occasional examples have been reported after pneumatic tourniquets (Bruner, 1951;Moldaver, 1954 by Denny-Brown and Brenner in 1944. They found that there was local demyelination of nerve fibres under the tourniquet but no loss of axonal continuity through the lesion. The electrical excitability of the motor nerves distal to the tourniquet was preserved, and in most cases power in the affected muscles recovered within a few weeks. Conduction velocity during the recovery period was studied by Mayer and Denny-Brown (1964) who found it to be reduced at the site of the tourniquet compared with the velocity above and below this level.In the present experiments we have reinvestigated the conduction block produced by a tourniquet, with special reference to the timecourse of recovery. In baboons it has been possible to apply a pneumatic cuff rather than the narrower rubber tubing used by Mayer and Denny-Brown in the cat. Recovery in individual 638

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Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by mostly aromatic antiepileptic drugs (AED) affect 50.000 people a year in the United Kingdom (UK; incidence 75.7/100.000). Optimal management of these cases is often difficult, as the patient may report symptoms to a general practitioner, attend Accident & Emergency or inform a specialist over the telephone or via email. When clinical assessment is limited it is thought safest to withdraw offending medication and inform the patient of a new drug allergy. This may unjustifiably restrict future treatment choices, and increase cost. Most frequent offenders are aromatic AEDs: carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, phenobarbitone, primidone (recently licensed lacosamide associated with lower risk) and the sulpha-derivative zonisamide. Our study provides a summary of severe delayed allergic reactions and offers a pragmatic management pathway for patients suffering a suspected drug-induced rash. We include UK pretreatment screening guidelines, step by step clinical assessment of rash and associated symptoms aiding early identification of patients at risk of developing severe allergic reactions. At the same time our manuscript reviews published data informing best choice and titration of alternative medication when allergy confirmed. Finally we summarize current knowledge on genetic predisposition and other personalized risks of AED allergies identifying gaps in our current understanding.

SbPRP1 is a member of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) proline-rich cell wall protein family and is expressed at high levels in root tissue. To characterize the sequences required for this expression, we have fused 1.1 kb of upstream flanking DNA sequence from an SbPRP1 genomic clone to a gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS). This construct was introduced into tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Histochemical staining of GUS activity in transgenic tobacco indicated that SbPRP1 is expressed in the apical and elongating region of both primary and lateral roots, most strongly in the epidermis. A similar localization pattern was found in transformed hairy roots when this construct was introduced into cowpea (Vigna aconitifolia) using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. Nested 5'-deletion analysis of the SbPRP1 promoter indicated that a minimal promoter for SbPRP1 expression in roots is located within the first 262 bases of upstream flanking DNA and that the region between -1080 and -262 is required for maximal expression of this gene. Gel retardation assays showed that nuclear factors can be detected in soybean roots which specifically bind to sequences located between -1080 and -623, a region which is needed for maximal expression of the SbPRP1 promoter. Northern hybridization analysis was also used to show that little SbPRP1 mRNA was present in roots during the first 24 h after imbibition. These studies indicate that SbPRP1 expression is localized to the actively growing region of the root and that this expression is temporally regulated during very early stages of seedling growth.