Crossing the boundary between the Bα and Bβ mating-type loci in Schizophyllum commune

Fowler, Thomas J.; Mitton, Michael F.; Rees, Eleanor I.; Raper, Carlene A.

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2003.08.009

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…In addition to heterologous expression in yeast, for S. commune an elegant system is available to screen the receptor/pheromone interactions by expression in a B null strain in which a large deletion removes all functions of the B complex (21,22,27,28). The S. commune B null strain has been transformed independently with all functionally characterized B␣ and B␤ pheromone-and receptor-encoding genes (21). The transformants were then mated with wild-type tester strains representing all B␣ and B␤ mating types.…”

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a receptor is activated by a pheromone of different specificity, a dikaryon can be formed at the side of the induced receptor, providing that the transformant and tester strain had compatible A mating types (21,27). This assay allowed grouping of the mature pheromones on the basis of the similarity in their 11-to 15-amino-acid sequences into five clusters, each activating a set of B␣ or B␤ receptors.…”

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the other two pheromone groups activating both B␣ and B␤ receptors, the pheromone sequences differed by two amino acids, while the sequence information about identity/similarity of the respective B␣ and B␤ receptors is still missing. These observations are extremely intriguing when the evolutionary origin of the multiallelic, multispecific B genes is considered (21,28,48,87).…”

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the arrangement of the entire B mating type complexes in two strains (B␣3; B␤2 and B␣3; B␤3) has been resolved at sequence level, giving interesting material to interpret functional and evolutionary implications. Among these facts are the sequence homologies determining recombination rates between B␣ and B␤ (21). The loci have been determined to be linked at 0.6 to 3.5 centimorgans (80), which already indicated a high level of diversity among natural isolates in the structure of respective B loci.…”

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

2010

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2The genome sequences of the basidiomycete Agaricomycetes species Coprinopsis cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Postia placenta, as well as of Cryptococcus neoformans and Ustilago maydis, are now publicly available. Out of these fungi, C. cinerea, S. commune, and U. maydis, together with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been investigated for years genetically and molecularly for signaling in sexual reproduction. The comparison of the structure and organization of mating type genes in fungal genomes reveals an amazing conservation of genes regulating the sexual reproduction throughout the fungal kingdom. In agaricomycetes, two mating type loci, A, coding for homeodomain type transcription factors, and B, encoding a pheromone/receptor system, regulate the four typical mating interactions of tetrapolar species. Evidence for both A and B mating type genes can also be identified in basidiomycetes with bipolar systems, where only two mating interactions are seen. In some of these fungi, the B locus has lost its self/nonself discrimination ability and thus its specificity while retaining the other regulatory functions in development. In silico analyses now also permit the identification of putative components of the pheromone-dependent signaling pathways. Induction of these signaling cascades leads to development of dikaryotic mycelia, fruiting body formation, and meiotic spore production. In pheromone-dependent signaling, the role of heterotrimeric G proteins, components of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways can now be defined. Additionally, the pheromone-dependent signaling through monomeric, small GTPases potentially involved in creating the polarized cytoskeleton for reciprocal nuclear exchange and migration during mating is predicted. THE MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETESThe typical life cycle of the higher basidiomycetes, presently classified as Agaricomycetes (Table 1) (34), consists of haploid, monokaryotic as well as dikaryotic stages, the latter of which prevails in nature. The monokaryotic mycelium contains nuclei of only one genetic type and is thus termed homokaryon. This mycelium, grown from haploid spores, in general contains one nucleus per cell (Fig. 1). The dikaryon is formed when genetically different homokaryons mate. In the saprotrophic agaricomycetes, the mushroom-forming species Schizophyllum commune and Coprinopsis cinerea (Table 1), mating is regulated by a tetrapolar system consisting of two unlinked genetic complexes, named A and B. The term tetrapolar reflects the fact that there are four possible mating interactions scored in matings between haploid strains derived from spores formed on the fruiting bodies of same parent dikaryon: a fully compatible interaction occurs when both A and B between the mates are of different specificities (Fig. 1), an incompatible interaction occurs when allelic specificities are all the same, and two semicompatible interactions occur when either A-o...

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Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Structure Of B Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

2010

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“…In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other ascomycetes, the mating pheromones produced by the two mating types differ, in that one is an unmodified peptide, while the other is a prenylated and carboxymethylated peptide (i.e., ␣-factor and a-factor, respectively) (3,7,21,24,25,41,49,59,61,70). Basidomycetes, which can have two or even more mating types, encode exclusively the latter class of modified peptide pheromones (8,13,18,26,27,36,47,56,60). These pheromones are synthesized as precursors terminating in a C-terminal CAAX motif (where C is cysteine, A is usually aliphatic, and X is any residue).…”

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confidence: 99%

Saccharomyces cerevisiae a -Factor Mutants Reveal Residues Critical for Processing, Activity, and Export

et al. 2006

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The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone a-factor provides a paradigm for understanding the biogenesis of prenylated fungal pheromones. The biogenesis of a-factor involves multiple steps: (i) C-terminal CAAX modification (where C is cysteine, A is aliphatic, and X is any residue) which includes prenylation, proteolysis, and carboxymethylation (by Ram1p/Ram2p, Ste24p or Rce1p, and Ste14p, respectively); (ii) N-terminal processing, involving two sequential proteolytic cleavages (by Ste24p and Axl1p); and (iii) nonclassical export (by Ste6p). Once exported, mature a-factor interacts with the Ste3p receptor on MAT␣ cells to stimulate mating. The a-factor biogenesis machinery is well defined, as is the CAAX motif that directs C-terminal modification; however, very little is known about the sequence determinants within a-factor required for N-terminal processing, activity, and export. Here we generated a large collection of a-factor mutants and identified residues critical for the N-terminal processing steps mediated by Ste24p and Axl1p. We also identified mutants that fail to support mating but do not affect biogenesis or export, suggesting a defective interaction with the Ste3p receptor. Mutants significantly impaired in export were also found, providing evidence that the Ste6p transporter recognizes sequence determinants as well as CAAX modifications. We also performed a phenotypic analysis of the entire set of isogenic a-factor biogenesis machinery mutants, which revealed information about the dependency of biogenesis steps upon one another, and demonstrated that export by Ste6p requires the completion of all processing events. Overall, this comprehensive analysis will provide a useful framework for the study of other fungal pheromones, as well as prenylated metazoan proteins involved in development and aging.Most fungi secrete pheromones that play important signaling roles in mating to stimulate cell and/or nuclear fusion. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other ascomycetes, the mating pheromones produced by the two mating types differ, in that one is an unmodified peptide, while the other is a prenylated and carboxymethylated peptide (i.e., ␣-factor and a-factor, respectively) (3,7,21,24,25,41,49,59,61,70). Basidomycetes, which can have two or even more mating types, encode exclusively the latter class of modified peptide pheromones (8,13,18,26,27,36,47,56,60). These pheromones are synthesized as precursors terminating in a C-terminal CAAX motif (where C is cysteine, A is usually aliphatic, and X is any residue). The S. cerevisiae pheromone a-factor is the best-characterized example of this class of fungal pheromones and provides a paradigm for understanding their biogenesis and secretion (14,20). Studies of a-factor have also yielded critical insights into the processing and properties of eukaryotic CAAX proteins in general, which include Ras and other small GTP-binding proteins, the ␥-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and the nuclear lamins A and B (30,68,69).Components of the machinery required for th...

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Mating‐type orthologous genes in the primarily homothallic Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' Broom Disease in cacao

Kües

Navarro-González

2010

J. Basic Microbiol.

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The cacao-pathogenic Moniliophthora perniciosa C-biotype is a primarily homothallic Agaricomycete of which the genome has recently become available. Searching of the genome sequence with mating type proteins from other basidiomycetes detected one or possibly two potential genes for HD1 homeodomain transcription factors, 7 or possibly 8 genes for potential pheromone receptors and five genes for putative pheromone precursors. Apparently, the fungus possesses gene functions encoded in the tetrapolar basidiomycetes in the A and B mating loci, respectively. In the tetrapolar species, the A and B mating type genes govern formation of clamp cells at hyphal septa of the dikaryon and their fusion with sub-apical cells as well as mushroom production. The C-biotype forms fused clamp cells and also basidiocarps on mycelia germinated from basidiospores and their development might be controlled by the detected genes. It represents the first example of a primarily homothallic basidiomycete where A - and B -mating-type-like genes were found. Various strategies are discussed as how self-compatibility in presence of such genes can evolve. An A -mating-type like gene for an HD2 homeodomain transcription factor is, however, not included in the available sequence representing estimated 69% coverage of the haploid genome but there are non-mating genes for other homeodomain transcription factors of currently unknown function that are conserved in basidiomycetes and also various ascomycetes.

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Crossing the boundary between the Bα and Bβ mating-type loci in Schizophyllum commune

Cited by 41 publications

References 40 publications

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

Saccharomyces cerevisiae a -Factor Mutants Reveal Residues Critical for Processing, Activity, and Export

Mating‐type orthologous genes in the primarily homothallic Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' Broom Disease in cacao

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