McClelland et al. (S,7) have developed what appears to be a valid method for measuring achievement motivation by means of a content analysis of the Thematic Apperception Test ( 9) or TAT stories. The TAT used here involves the writing of brief imaginative stories in response to certain pictures. Recently there have been attempts to extend the applicability of McClelland's content analysis to other needs. Roby (10) and Birney (3) have developed scoring systems for the need for security.. The problem of finding a valid method of measuring the strength of the need for affiliation (n Affiliation) has arisen-out of the attempts to study the need for security. Birney found that a group of college men whose need for security had been experimentally aroused by leading them to believe that they had scored poorly on a personality inventory showed significantly more imagery related to affiliation than a control group. The system that Birney used for scoring n Affiliation, however, did not seem general enough. The present : study, therefore, was initiated to extend his work by arousing the affiliation motive more specifically and 'This report is the product of a aeries of exploratory studies into the nature of security motivation financed by grants from the United States Public Health Service under the general direction of Dr, David C. McClelland,, to whom the. authors are indebted. Data used in these studies have .also been collected with the aid of grants from the Office of'Naval Research for a study of achievement motivation which are also gratefully acknowledged.* Now at the University of Pennsylvania. * Now at the University of Michigan.
The present study was designed to explore the relative efficacy of three types of service delivery intervention models for homeless men with alcohol and/or drug problems: integrated comprehensive residential services provided at one site (Group 1); on-site shelter-based intensive case management with referrals to a community network of services (Group 2); and usual care shelter services with case management (Group 3). In addition to assessing the relative efficacy of these approaches in terms of drug and alcohol use, residential stability, economic and employment status, the project also sought to examine what personal factors best predicted successful outcomes for clients. Clients were assessed at baseline and approximately six months following discharge. All three treatment groups improved significantly over time in terms of reduced alcohol and cocaine use, increased employment, and increased stable housing, but no differential improvement was found among groups. Successful outcomes were predicted by lower recent and lifetime substance use, fewer prior treatment episodes, more stable housing at baseline, fewer incarcerations, and less social isolation.
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