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Objective The examination of lung cancer by histology type is important for monitoring population trends that have implications for etiology and prevention, screening and clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. We provide a comprehensive description of recent histologic lung cancer incidence rates and trends in the U.S. using combined population-based registry data for the entire nation. Materials and Methods Histologic lung cancer incidence data was analyzed from CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Standardized rates and trends were calculated for men and women by age, race/ethnicity, and U.S. Census region. Rate ratios were examined for differences in rates between men and women, and annual percent change was calculated to quantify changes in incidence rates over time. Results Trend analysis demonstrate that overall rates have decreased, but incidence has remained stable for women aged 50 or older. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the two most common histologic subtypes. Adenocarcinoma rates continued to increase in men and women, and squamous cell rates increased in women only. All histologic subtype rates for white women exceeded rates for black women. Histologic rates for black men exceeded those for white men, except for small cell carcinoma. The incidence rate for Hispanics was nearly half the rate for blacks and whites. Conclusion The continuing rise in incidence of lung adenocarcinoma, the rise of squamous cell cancer in women, and differences by age, race, ethnicity and region points to the need to better understand factors acting in addition to, or in synergy with, cigarette smoking that may be contributing to observed differences in lung cancer histology.

P ersistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be a cause of nearly all cervical cancer.1 It is believed that HPV also is associated with approximately 90% of anal cancers; 40% of penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers; 25% of oral cavity cancers; and 35% of oropharyngeal cancers.2,3 A quadrivalent HPV vaccine that protects against HPV type 6 (HPV-6), HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18 has been approved for use in the United States for females ages 9 years to 26 years, and a bivalent vaccine that protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18 currently is under review by the US Food and Drug Administration. It has been demonstrated that the HPV vaccine reduces the incidence of cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers, offering hope for the reduction in incidence of these diseases and the corresponding invasive cancers among women. 4,5 Current studies are assessing the efficacy of the vaccine on HPV-associated disease in men. 6 Close surveillance of these cancers will be necessary to ensure that high-risk populations are being reached by vaccination programs.

METHODS. Forty-four states and the District of Columbia provided informationfor the diagnosis years 2001 through 2003 from cancer registries that met highquality data criteria. Eleven of 13 states with counties in Appalachia, covering 88% of the Appalachian population, met these criteria; Virginia and Mississippi were included for 2003 only. SEER*Stat was used to calculate age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population and 95% gamma confidence limits. RESULTS.Overall, cancer incidence rates were higher in Appalachia than in the rest of the US; the rates for lung, colon/rectum, and other tobacco-related cancers were particularly high. Central Appalachia had the highest rates of lung (men: 143.8; women: 75.2) and cervical cancer (11.2)-higher than the other 2 regions and the rest of the US. Northern Appalachia had the highest rates for prostate, female breast, and selected other sites, and Southern Appalachia had the lowest overall cancer incidence rates.CONCLUSIONS. Cancer incidence rates in Appalachia are higher than in the rest of the US, and they vary substantially between regions. Additional studies are needed to understand how these variations within Appalachia are associated with lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, urban/rural residence, and access to care.

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Background: Few studies have examined cancer screening among women residing in metropolitan areas in relation to both individual-level and area-based measures of socioeconomic status (SES). To learn more, we examined selfreported rates of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing among women living in metropolitan areas in relation to individual-level measures of SES (household income and education), and area-based measures of SES (percentage of residents living in poverty, percentage with low education, and percentage working class). Methods: Data were obtained from women who were interviewed by telephone during 2000 and 2002 as part of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Self-reported county of residence was used to classify respondents as residents of metropolitan statistical areas. Only BRFSS respondents who resided in 35 metropolitan statistical areas with a population of z1.5 million in 2000 were included in this analysis. Analyses were limited to women ages z18 years with no history of hysterectomy (n = 49,231). Area-based measures of SES were obtained

III.