Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting men. BPH can lead to a number of symptoms for patients commonly referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).Over the last decade, increased modifiable risk factors, such as metabolic disease and obesity, have resulted in an increased incidence of BPH. This increasing incidence has brought about a multitude of treatment modalities in the last two decades. With so many treatment modalities available, physicians are tasked with selecting the optimal therapy for their patients. Current therapies can first be divided into medical or surgical intervention. Medical therapy for BPH includes 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors and alpha-blockers, or a combination of both. Surgical interventions include a conventional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), as well as newer modalities such as bipolar TURP, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), Greenlight and thulium laser, and prostatic urethral lift (PUL). Emerging therapies in this field must also be further investigated for safety and efficacy. This narrative review attempts to consolidate current and emerging treatment options for BPH and highlights the need for additional investigation on optimizing treatment selection.

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By visual examination of calli derived from germinating seeds of wheat, oats, rice, proso millet, and pearl millet it has been possible to visually select embryogenic (E) callus which, on transfer to a regeneration medium, forms plants an average of 33 times more frequently than non-embryogenic (NE) callus of equal mass. Embryogenic callus consists of small isodiametric cells averaging 31 μm in diameter; NE callus consists of long tubular cells averaging 52 μm in width and 355 μm in length. Production of E callus is in many cases promoted by media containing 2,4-di- or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D or 2,4,5-T) plus indole-3-acetic acid or tryptophan+kinetin. Production on NE callus is promoted by media containing 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T alone. As a result of initial experiments to optimize both media for E callus production and media for plant regeneration, callus derived in six passages from an average of 26 seeds could produce about 1,000 regenerated plants.

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