While numerous types of gas sensors have been developed for various industries and applications such as the automotive industry, environmental monitoring, and personal safety, nanoscale chemiresistive gas sensors have gained significant research interest due to several advantages such as high sensitivity, low power consumption, and portability. An essential component of these gas sensors is the sensing material where metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) materials are the most prevalent sensing material. Since the adoption of nanoscale synthesis methods for sensing materials development, such as electrospinning and hydrothermal synthesis, many novel 1D MOS‐based nanostructured sensing materials have been demonstrated to enhance gas sensing performance. Overall, nanoengineering approaches and mechanisms for enhancement of gas sensing performance of 1D metal oxide‐based sensing materials are systematically discussed and categorized into several overarching strategies, such as tuning of materials dimension, morphology, and composition. Furthermore, integration of 1D sensing nanomaterials into sensor devices are discussed from the perspective of different chemiresistive sensor architectures and device fabrication methods. Finally, this review also discusses use of 1D MOS materials for emerging and novel electronic nose applications.
The citrus industry is facing an unprecedented crisis due to Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening disease), a bacterial disease associated with the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects all commercial varieties. Transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), CLas colonizes citrus phloem, leading to reduced yield and fruit quality, and eventually tree decline and death. Since adequate curative measures are not available, a key step in HLB management is to restrict the spread of the disease by identifying infected trees and removing them in a timely manner. However, uneven distribution of CLas cells in infected trees and the long latency for disease symptom development makes sampling of trees for CLas detection challenging. Here, we report that a CLas secreted protein can be used as a biomarker for detecting HLB infected citrus. Proteins secreted from CLas cells can presumably move along the phloem, beyond the site of ACP inoculation and CLas colonized plant cells, thereby increasing the chance of detecting infected trees. We generated a polyclonal antibody that effectively binds to the secreted protein and developed serological assays that can successfully detect CLas infection. This work demonstrates that antibody-based diagnosis using a CLas secreted protein as the detection marker for infected trees offers a high-throughput and economic approach that complements the approved quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods to enhance HLB management programs.
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