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Skin, the largest and outermost organ of the body, mainly consisted dermis and epidermis, which provide a barrier function to protect the body from external stimuli and to prevent the loss of moisture from the body. [1][2][3][4] Skin and skin-related diseases, causing a global health burden, have become an international health issues whereas the inflammatory skin diseases were the most common problem in dermatology. The skin inflammation was usually accompanied with erythema and edema in the affected skin area, 5 and tissue destruction could even occur in chronic skin inflammation. 6 The skin inflammation, like erythema and edema, was usually and clinically evaluated by physician's naked-eye first, and such subjective evaluation was very dependent on their experience. Patient epidermal tissue section test, that is, skin biopsy test, might sometimes be required. Although the skin biopsy was still the gold standard for most dermatological diagnosis, it was invasive, and thereby leading to pain and scar

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a global health problem that features a very high mortality rate. The UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2) is a new biomarker for PC detection. This study develops a simple, reliable, and inexpensive immunosensor for the detection of the ULBP2 antigen while also investigating the effects of an array configuration of connected sensors and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the immunosensor’s sensitivity. The ULBP2 antibody was immobilized onto the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surfaces of three different sensors: a simple SPCE (ULBP2-SPCE); an SPCE array, which is a series of identical SPCE connected to each other at different arrangements of rows and columns (ULBP2-SPCE-1x2 and ULBP2-SPCE-1x3); and an SPCE combined with ZnO nanoparticles (ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE). Impedance spectrum measurements for the immunosensors to ULBP2 antigen were conducted and compared. According to the result, the array configurations (ULBP2-SPCE-1x2 and ULBP2-SPCE-1x3) show an improvement of sensitivity compared to the ULBP2-SPCE alone, but the improvement is not as significant as that of the ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE configuration (ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE > ULBP2-SPCE: 18 times larger). The ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE immunosensor has a low limit of detection (1 pg/mL) and a high sensitivity (332.2 Ω/Log(pg/mL)), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.98), good repeatability (coefficients of variation = 5.03%), and is stable in long-term storage (retaining 95% activity after 28 days storage). In an array configuration, the immunosensor has an increased signal-to-noise ratio (ULBP2-SPCE-1x3 > ULBP2-SPCE: 1.5-fold) and sensitivity (ULBP2-SPCE-1x3 > ULBP2-SPCE: 2.6-fold). In conclusion, either the modification with ZnO nanoparticles onto the sensor or the use of an array configuration of sensors can enhance the immunosensor’s sensitivity. In this study, the best immunosensor for detecting ULBP2 antigens is the ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE immunosensor.

The label-free biosensor has emerged as an effective tool for the purpose of early detection of causative pathogens such as Escherichia coli as a preventive measure. In this study, a biorecognition-element-free interdigitated microelectrode (IDμE) sensor is designed and developed with this in mind, with good reliability and affordability. Results show that the designed sensor can identify E. coli with good selectivity using an impedance and capacitance of 7.69 MHz. At its optimum impedance of 1.3 kHz, the IDμE sensor can reliably quantify E. coli in a range of measurement (103.2~106 cfu/mL), linearity (R2 = 0.97), sensitivity (18.15 kΩ/log (cfu/mL)), and limit of detection (103.2 cfu/mL). In summary, the IDμE sensor developed possesses high potential for industrial and clinical applications.

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Traditional methods of measuring a joint angle are neither repeatable nor accurate and cannot instantly display, record, and upload the data onto a cloud drive. These mechanisms require development if they are to be used to evaluate rehabilitation programs. This pilot study aim is to create a simple dynamic joint angle measurement system and develop a hand rehabilitation application for stroke users using small and sensitive 3-axis accelerometers. Using Bluetooth communication technology, an electrogoniometer is developed to measure the free range of motion of lower limb joints and automatically send and save all data on to a cloud drive. The reliability of the proposed device is evaluated by comparison with a commercial electrogoniometer. Five healthy youth subjects and five health elderly subjects are involved in the evaluation process for this pilot study. The accuracy and repeatability of the proposed device are tested using Bland–Altman plots and linear correlation analysis. Measurements that were made by the proposed device and a commercial electrogoniometer are shown to be comparable and repeatable, as confirmed by Bland–Atman plots. There is also a very high degree of linear correlation (R2 > 0.99 for all joint angle measurements) between the lower limb joint angles that are measured using both devices. In conclusion, a portable, highly accurate and repeatable device was designed to be used for clinical assessment and for rehabilitation application that gives increased motivation to the user.

Day-old male chick culling is one of the world’s most inhumane problems in the poultry industry. Every year, seven billion male chicks are slaughtered in laying-hen hatcheries due to their higher feed exchange rate, lower management than female chicks, and higher production costs. This study describes a novel non-invasive method for determining the gender of chicken eggs. During the incubation period of fourteen days, four electrodes were attached to each egg for data collection. On the last day of incubation, a standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based chicken gender determination protocol was applied to the eggs to obtain the gender information. A relationship was built between the collected data and the egg’s gender, and it was discovered to have a reliable connection, indicating that the chicken egg gender can be determined by measuring the impedance data of the eggs on day 9 of incubation with the four electrodes set and using the self-normalization technique. This is a groundbreaking discovery, demonstrating that impedance spectroscopy can be used to sex chicken eggs before they hatch, relieving the poultry industry of such an ethical burden.

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