RESUMO:Os quintais agroflorestais são sistemas de uso da terra com função de proteção e produção, contribuindo de forma muito especial para a segurança alimentar de agricultores familiares. Assim, objetivou-se estudar a agrobiodiversidade de quintais agroflorestais em comunidades rurais do município de Bonito, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em 24 quintais agroflorestais, em quatro comunidades deste município, com auxílio de entrevistas estruturadas e observação direta, seguida da realização de inventário florístico a 100% de intensidade. Foram estudados os seguintes aspectos: a composição florística, a estrutura horizontal e os índices de valor de preferência, bem como a classificação dos quintais por análise de agrupamento. As famílias Annonaceae, Arecaceae e Myrtaceae foram as que obtiveram maior número de espécies. As espécies frutíferas Cocus nucifera, Musa spp., Citrus limonia e Anacardium occidentale são as mais frequentes nos quintais agroflorestais estudados e apresentam os maiores valores de preferência. Os quintais apresentam riqueza e diversidade consideradas altas. Estas áreas são manejadas com baixo nível tecnológico, de forma tradicional e são compostas principalmente por espécies frutíferas, que fazem parte do hábito alimentar de agricultores familiares.

RESUMOEste trabalho objetivou avaliar os Sistemas Agroflorestais-SAF comerciais multiestratificados de agricultores familiares de Igarapé-Açu, bem como identificar as espécies que compõem os sistemas agroflorestais. A partir de entrevistas foram catalogadas as espécies de maior interesse dos agricultores familiares e por meio de inventário florístico foram avaliados os SAF produtivos. Os cultivos de pimenta-do-reino, mandioca, feijão, cupuaçu, caju, açaí, pupunha, mogno e o nim indiano foram os mais freqüentes pelos agricultores. Os SAF são manejados na sua maioria de forma tradicional. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Sistemas agroflorestais, Espécies agroflorestais, Agricultura familiar, Amazônia. Agroforestry systems in areas of smallholder agriculture in Igarapé-Açu, Pará: floristic characterization, implantation and management ABSTRACTThis paper aimed to evaluate the multistrata agroforestry systems of small farmers of Igarapé-Açu, as well as to identify the species that compose of they interest. Through interviews were listed the interest species of small farmers and from inventory floristic were evaluated the productive AFS. The species: pepper-of-kingdom, cassava, beans, cupuaçu, caju, açai palm, pupunha palm, mahogany and indian neem were the most cultivated by these farmers. Most of the AFS are managed in the traditional manner.

Urban forests provide multiple benefits in improving people’s lives and can be an important tool for achieving the goal of carbon neutral cities. In this study, we analyzed the diversity of plant species from urban forests in cities in the Brazilian Amazonia, based on data from scientific articles, through a systematic literature review. Our analysis revealed that 530 taxa, of which 479 were identified at the species level and 51 at the genus level, covering 38,882 individuals were distributed in 29 cities. The three most frequent species were Ficus benjamina, Mangifera indica, and Licania tomentosa. Exotic species were more frequent than native. The three most frequent species had almost 42% of the inventoried individuals. The choice of species has been made mainly by the local population, without monitoring by the public authorities. Recommendations for sustainable management of urban forests in Amazonia include investing in training of management bodies, periodic inventories, and awareness actions about the benefits of urban green infrastructure and on the advantages of native species. Policies for the sustainable management of urban green areas are necessary. The municipal governments must continuously monitor indicators of urban ecosystem services and provide financial resources for maintaining and increasing those area rates per person.

A eficiência da espécie Azadirachta indica como barreira natural ao ataque da Hypsipyla grandella sobre o mogno em diferentes arranjos e densidades de plantio foi, avaliada. O estudo foi realizado numa área de pastagem degradada em Vigia, PA. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições, sendo as formas de cultivo do mogno as parcelas, e as épocas de avaliação (meses) as subparcelas. A barreira natural formada pelo nim não evitou o ataque de H. grandella sobre o mogno, mas retardou e minimizou o ataque em plantios mistos. Para o maior controle do ataque de H. grandella, o mogno não deve ser plantado simultaneamente com o nim, mas um ano após o plantio do nim, quando este apresenta mais de três metros de altura, formando uma barreira natural mais eficaz ao ataque desta praga. PalavRaS-chavE: Praga florestal, controle alternativo, planta armadilha, sistemas silviculturais. The efficiency of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as natural barrier to attack by Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) aBSTRacTThe efficiency of Azadirachta indica as natural barrier against the attack by Hypsipyla grandella on mahogany in different arrangements and planting densities was evaluated. The study was carried out in degraded pasture in Vigia, Pará. The experimental design was a randomized block in split plot in time with five replications, the forms of cultivation of mahogany as plots and the evaluation periods (months) as the subplots. The natural barrier formed by neem did not prevent the attack of H. grandella on mahogany, but delayed and minimized the attack in mixed plantings. It is recommended that mahogany should not be planted simultaneously with the neem, but a year after planting the neem, when it has more than three meters in height, forming a natural barrier more effective to pest attack.

The application of Trichoderma fungus can be used to obtain seedlings of higher quality for plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma isolates on the germination and initial growth of açaí seedlings. Two trials were set up. In the laboratory, the seeds were inoculated in suspensions prepared with each of the isolates for 24 h, and they were arranged in trays containing filter paper in a completely randomized design with five replicates containing 50 seeds each. For the control, the seeds were submerged only in water. Part of the seedlings resulting from seeds treated and not treated with Trichoderma were transferred to bags containing forest soil and were submitted to seven modes of application of Trichoderma and kept in a nursery. The speed of germination and hypocotyl were not influenced by the biological treatment. The application of the different Trichoderma isolates positively influenced the height, collar diameter, number of leaves, root size, leaf area and root, and aerial part dry mass of the açaí seedlings. The application of the Trichoderma isolate TAM01 on the preplanting substrate and biweekly applications on the postplanting substrate was the combination that most positively influenced the development of açai seedlings.

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Enterolobium schomburgkii (monkey ear) is important Amazonic forest specie, being used for wood and medicinal purposes and environmental recuperation issues. Biological treatment such as Trichoderma fungus is alternative method that may improve performance of seeds germination and provide healthy seedlings. We aimed to assess effect of Trichoderma fungus on development of E. schomburgkii seedlings. Five isolates of Trichoderma spp., in the concentration of 1.0 x 107 conidia.mL-1, were assessed and applied through four methods: seeds; pre-planting substrate; post-planting substrate; and seed + pre-planting + post-planting substrate. The seedlings were produced in polypropylene bags and kept in nursery for 10 months. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5x4+1 factorial scheme, with 10 repetitions. We monthly assessed the plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves and leaflets. After 10 months, we assessed root length, dry matter of aerial part and dry matter of roots system. The results showed that variables were significantly influenced by Trichoderma isolates and its application modes, either individually or under interaction, except on the root length. Eight treatments boosted the plants height and five of them increased the collar diameter, compared with the control. The height of the seedlings was the variable that mostly influenced by the treatments. Application of Trichoderma in pre-planting substrate influenced the highest number of variables analyzed. Therefore, the isolates application used in this work is feasible for production of Enterolobium schomburgkii seedlings. Based on results of this experiment we do not recommended treatment of Enterolobium schomburgkii seeds with Trichoderma isolates, except using T. asperellum T09

Trichoderma is a beneficial fungus that can be used in both the control of phytopathogens and in promoting germination and plant growth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of five Trichoderma isolates (T09, T12, T52, Tc and Tce) in seven different application modes on seeds and seedlings of the Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (African mahogany). Fungi applications were tested by microbiolization of the seeds, in the pre-planting substrate, by monthly applications in the seedlings and in four combinations of these three treatments. Under laboratory conditions, the germination, germination speed index (GSI), and radicle and hypocotyl lengths were evaluated in seeds, treated and untreated, with Trichoderma. In the nursery, it was evaluated the height, root collar diameter, number of leaflets, root length, and the dry weight of root system and aerial part in seedlings with different forms of Trichoderma application. Trichoderma isolates did not influence germination percentage, GSI and radicle length. The fungus application methods in the K. ivorensis seedlings increased the height and leaflets number of the plants by at least one of the Trichoderma isolates tested in this study.Trichoderma spp. e seus efeitos na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e no desenvolvimento de mudas de mogno africano RESUMO: Trichoderma é um fungo benéfico que pode ser utilizado tanto no controle de fitopatógenos como na promoção da germinação e do crescimento de plantas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de cinco isolados de Trichoderma (T09, T12, T52, Tc e Tce), em sete modos de aplicação, sobre sementes e mudas de Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (mogno africano). Foram testadas aplicações dos fungos via microbiolização das sementes, no substrato pré-plantio, em aplicações mensais nas mudas e, em quatro combinações desses três tratamentos. Em condições de laboratório foram avaliados a germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e, o comprimento da radícula e hipocótilo, em sementes tratadas e não tratadas com Trichoderma. Em viveiro, avaliou-se altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folíolos, comprimento da raiz e, a massa seca da parte aérea e sistema radicular em mudas com as diferentes formas de aplicação de Trichoderma. Os isolados de Trichoderma não influenciaram a porcentagem de germinação, o IVG e o comprimento da radícula. Os modos de aplicação dos fungos avaliados nas mudas de K. ivorensis aumentaram a altura e o número de folíolos das plantas, por pelo menos um dos isolados de Trichoderma testado neste trabalho.Palavras-chave: tratamento biológico; sementes florestais; fungos; promoção de crescimento; Khaya ivorensis Trichoderma spp. and its effects on seeds physiological quality and seedlings development of African mahogany Rev. Bras. Cienc. Agrar., Recife, v.15, n.1, e5843, 2020 2/7