This article traces the social history of "gallo pinto" (rice and beans) in Costa Rica in order to unpack the meaning of this innocuous marker of southern Costa Rican identity. Southern Costa Ricans describe pinto as a traditional food, yet they reject its possible origin in Afro-Costa Rican culture. While Costa Ricans’ use of tradition, as word and concept, marks and thereby validates contemporary praxis, the concept simultaneously erases the African cultural heritage of a country that imagines itself as white. This case study demonstrates how multiple lines of evidence (personal interviews, journalistic and academic articles, literature, and institutionally sanctioned histories) can highlight the cleavage between local memory and history, and illuminate larger cultural issues.
Giant metate-like stone sculptures, found in all regions of Costa Rica, though in various forms, continue to fascinate researchers. Archaeologists contrast these sculptures with other, more utilitarian metates in order to determine their purpose and meaning. They create two groups-metates used by women for grinding subsistence foods and elaborate metates used by men for ritual purposes. This chapter challenges the binaries of tool/art, utilitarian/elaborate, and female/male that essentialize gender and homogenize historical variability. Figurine and burial data demonstrate women's connection to elaborate metates and ritual. In addition, ceramic figurines depict flexibility in gender roles at least within the stratum of ancient Costa Rican society that they depicted. This instance of stereotyped gender attribution and the absence of attention to the possible dynamism of women's lives shows the importance of a feminist approach to archaeology and the need to draw on multiple lines of evidence to answer archaeological questions. Keywords: figurines, metates, social status, gender, Costa RicaV aried in form and found in all regions of Costa Rica, giant metate-like stone sculptures have fascinated archaeologists for decades. Elaborate metates have been interpreted as having had functions that include grinding human flesh (Graham 1992), grinding ritual foods (Lange 1971), use in ritual performance to maintain control of productive land (Graham 1992;Lange 1992), and symbolic connotation of fertility (Balser 1955). Researchers contrast these artifacts with utilitarian metates, which are often correlated with women's domestic labor of preparing maize and other foods (Graham 1992). While archaeologists (Balser 1955; Graham 1992; Lange 1971Lange , 1992Lothrop 1963; Norweb 1961;Sheets et al. 1991; Snarskis 1992) split these artifacts into two groups-metates used for grinding daily subsistence foods and elaborate metates used for ritual purposes-both sets of artifacts retain an association of grinding and agriculture (Graham 1992:171). In pairing utilitarian metates with elaborate metates, researchers assign stereotypically dichotomous gender roles to their uses. For example, Graham (1992) argues that elaborate metates are a source of male power and that they demonstrate an appropriation of a female-associated tool for higher purposes.In this study, I challenge the stereotypical gender attribution present in the archaeological literature regarding Costa Rica's elaborate metates in order to show the importance of a feminist approach to archaeology. By reexamining the potential function of these artifacts, we can begin to break down the binary of utilitarian versus ritual that has been mapped so rigidly onto gender roles. In what follows, I present data that challenge the strict separation of women from the elaborate metates. This study uses multiple lines of evidence to address the dynamism of women's lives, which is a central goal of feminist archaeologists. I hope to provide evidence to begin to answer the follow...
“4Life” is an American nutritional supplement company that entered Costa Rica in 2004. Its representatives portray their company as a provider of new forms of work and consumption that anyone can embrace, regardless of age, socioeconomic status or gender to enhance their material returns and social status. The appeal is especially strong for older women who increasingly face part‐time work, irregular scheduling and remuneration, and few or no fringe benefits. Informed by scholarship on work, consumption, and identity, this article combines a political economic perspective with a sociolinguistic approach in order to unpack the economic and social implications of employment in direct sales positions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.