Abstract. Hydrological studies in small basins are essential for investigating the role of distinct processes on water resources conservation and to assess the impact of the natural ecosystems on improving water security especially in semiarid environments. In Brazil, the cooperative hydrological Network REHISA (“REde de HIdrologia do SemiÁrido”) comprises hydrologists from several universities of Brazil, focusing on field measurements, monitoring and modeling activities in well instrumented experimental rural catchments located at different regions and biomes in Semiarid environment. Water scarcity is a common aspect among the catchments, as well as risks of soil and water degradation. The objective of this work is to present assessments of near surface soil moisture spatial-temporal distribution, and to evaluate the impact of soil conservation techniques in reducing runoff, using small-scale experimental plots in a representative catchment of the Pernambuco State, Brazil. The study catchment is located in Alto Ipanema River Basin (AIRB) (with an area of 150 km2), which is located at the semiarid region of the São Francisco River (area of 641 000 km2). Soil and water monitoring was performed in experimental plots with different soil cover conditions (Bare soil plots; Plots with natural cover – Caatinga Biome vegetation; Plots with cactus Palma barriers; and Plots with mulch cover – Dry grass mulch at 4 t ha−1), where probes were installed for high resolution soil moisture assessment. In addition, regular soil moisture monitoring campaigns were conducted at 7 different locations, using a capacitance probe, with arboreal and shrub Caatinga vegetation, pasture and bare soil, predominantly Brachiaria decumbens. Mulch cover runs close to the Caatinga cover, but still with higher runoff generation, and presenting lower soil moisture temporal mean values. Caatinga was highly effective in terms of soil and water conservation at the small basin scale for both the dry and the wet season, resulting in a positive nexus between vegetation and water availability at the region.

A escassez de água no semiárido pernambucano, associada à necessidade de produção agrícola contribuem para uso de efluentes domésticos tratados para fins hidroagrícolas. No entanto, para intensificação do reuso de água são necessárias ações de gestão participativa, principalmente aos jovens do meio rural, incentivando a permanência no campo. O estudo objetiva avaliar a viabilidade de cultivos agrícola com o reuso de efluente doméstico tratado, associado a práticas de conservação de água e solo, no semiárido. Desta forma, este estudo apresenta resultados de produção de milho, girassol e sorgo irrigado com esgoto doméstico tratado, com participação de agricultores rurais e jovens locais. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE) localizada no Distrito de Mutuca, Pesqueira-PE. O plantio do milho (Zea mays L.), realizado em 2016, e do girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), em 2017, foram realizados em duas parcelas experimentais, uma sem e outra com lodo de esgoto (LE), e o sorgo (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) foi cultivado em 2019, com e sem cobertura morta (CM) (capim natural). O monitoramento agrometeorológico foi realizado de forma participativa com moradores e alunos de escola da comunidade local. Constatou-se que a altura das plantas, o diâmetro do caule e o número de folhas foram superiores nos tratamentos em que foram adicionados LE no girassol, e no diâmetro do colmo para o milho e sorgo. As aplicações de LE e CM promoveram incremento da umidade do solo. Através da gestão participativa, ações voltadas à intensificação do uso de efluentes domésticos e lodo de esgoto para fins hidroagrícolas devem ser incentivadas, promovendo a produção de alimentos e aumento de renda aos produtores agrícolas.

NaCl e CaCl 2 nos potenciais osmóticos 0 (controle); -0,2; -0,3 e -0,4 MPa com e sem aplicação da poliamina putrescina nas concentrações de 5 mM e 10 mM. As sementes de E. schomburgkii foram previamente escarificadas com lixa, no lado oposto à radícula, tratadas com fungicidas e colocadas para germinar nos diferentes tratamentos, à temperatura de 30ºC, sendo utilizadas quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (agentes salinos x potenciais). No segundo experimento realizado após 11 meses, foram adicionadas as concentrações de 5 e 10 mM de putrescina. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, disposto em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 2 (agentes salinos x potenciais osmóticos x concentrações de putrescina). As sementes foram avaliadas quanto a porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Menor porcentagem de germinação e IVG foram observadas à medida que os potenciais se tornam mais negativos quando as sementes foram submetidas ao estresse salino com CaCl 2 . A aplicação de putrescina promoveu aumento na porcentagem de germinação e IVG sob os potenciais mais negativos, com maiores valores na concentração de 5 mM.Palavras-chave: Sucupira amarela, germinação, potencial osmótico, putrescina, regulador vegetal ABSTRACT: Enterolobium schomburgkii (Benth.) Benth. seed germination under saline stress and polyamine application. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of salt stress by using NaCl and CaCl 2 at the following osmotic potentials: 0 (control), -0.2, -0.3, and -0.4 MPa with and without putrescine application at 5 mM and 10 mM. E. Schomburgkii seeds were previously scarified with sandpaper in the region opposite to the radicle, treated with fungicides and allowed to germinate in the different treatments at 30ºC. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4 (osmotic potentials x saline agents) factorial arrangement, with four replicates of 25 seeds each. After 11 months, a second experiment was carried out, in which putrescine concentrations of 5 and 10 mM were added and the experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4x2 (osmotic potentials x saline agents x putrescine concentrations) factorial arrangement. Germination percentage and velocity index (GVI) were evaluated. Germination percentage and GVI increased with lower potentials in seeds subjected to salt stress with CaCl 2 . Putrescine application (5mM) increased germination percentage and GVI at the most negative potentials.

Maize crop under rainfed conditions is widely grown in the Brazilian Northeast on community farms for human and animal consumption. The application of mulch could be adopted to enhance rainwater harvesting and soil moisture levels, although such practice is rarely applied in rainfed cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of maize productivity, based on soil physical attributes and plant growth and yield, under a rainfed regime in the presence and absence of mulch in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The study was conducted from May to September 2016 in Pesqueira - PE (locality of the Semiarid of Pernambuco State, Northeast, Brazil), during which the development and production of maize in experimental plots were evaluated, and maize was grown using the traditional cropping system with and without mulching. Two grids with 40 points in a 4 × 10 m mesh were established, with spacing of 1 m for soil sampling and maize biometric evaluation. For statistical analysis, 30 samples were randomly selected from each plot. Maize cultivated in the presence of mulch showed higher development, with symmetrical distribution for all variables except for soil moisture and stem diameter. Sand content, soil moisture, height of the first cob, number of leaves, leaf length, plant height, and cob weight presented moderate to strong spatial scale dependence for the two cropping conditions, with higher spatial dependence consistently observed for the development parameters in the covered area.

This paper aims to investigate the performance of mulch cover with coir dust (Cocos nucifera L.) and cover crop with Palma cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Mill.) as soil and water conservation techniques, in a laboratory soil flume under simulated rainfall. Palma cactus plants oriented at 90° and 30° angles with the slope direction were considered. Simulations comprised uniform advanced and delayed rainfall patterns. Runoff hydrographs and soil loss were monitored at the downstream end of the flume. Soil moisture and flow velocity were measured, and several hydraulic parameters of runoff were estimated. Results show that both mulch cover with coir dust and cover crop with Palma cactus were effective in reducing runoff and soil loss and increasing soil moisture content, thus being both suitable soil and water conservation techniques for semiarid environments. Coir dust was more effective than Palma cactus. Palma cactus oriented at a 90° angle was slightly more effective than Palma cactus oriented at a 30° angle. Differences between advanced and delayed rainfall patterns on the hydrological and erosive response were more pronounced for the mulch cover condition, where no runoff and soil loss were observed at the downstream end of the flume for the advanced rainfall pattern.

The presence of the zona pellucida has been perceived as a requirement for the oviductal transfer of cloned embryos at early stages of development while protecting the embryo from an immune system response. We hypothesized that steroid hormone therapy could reduce a potential cellular immune response after the transfer of zona-free cloned embryos into the oviduct of recipient female goats. In Experiment 1, seven does were used to study the systemic immunosuppressant effect of the methylprednisolone administration (for 3 days) on blood cell counts. Whole blood was collected prior to treatment with methyprednisolone and then on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after the first dose of methylprednisolone for the analysis of haematological parameters. Methylprednisolone treatment significantly reduced circulating white blood cells and neutrophils in comparison with pre-treatment levels, demonstrating a systemic immunosuppressant effect. In Experiment 2, a group of 58 does were used as recipient females to study the effect of administration of methylprednisolone for 3 days on the establishment of pregnancies after the transfer of zona-free cloned embryos into the oviducts. No effects on pregnancy rates on Day 30 were observed regarding the distinct treatment groups (control vs. methylprednisolone), the source of oocytes (in vivo- vs in vitro-matured) or the presence or absence of the zona pellucida in embryos. In summary, methylprednisolone was effective at inducing a systemic immunosuppressed state in goats, but the treatment prior to embryo transfer did not affect pregnancy rates. Moreover, pregnancy rates were similar between zona-free and zona-intact goat cloned embryos.

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Water scarcity and changing rainfall distribution have caused uncertainties in relation to agricultural production in semiarid areas. In this context, water reuse for irrigation is a promising alternative, although requiring irrigation and agricultural management. Production of forage plants is strategic for semiarid areas due to their high tolerance to stresses and use as animal fodder. The objective of this work was to evaluate the combined performance of treated wastewater irrigation and mulching on forage sorghum and on soil attributes in Northeast Brazil. Sorghum was cropped in November 2018, three months before the beginning of the hydrologic year, and cultivated over three cycles until April 2019. The experiment was designed with five irrigation depths (60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of crop evapotranspiration), and with four soil cover conditions (0% (witness), soil covered with native vegetation, with coconut coir, and with macerated moringa seeds), adopting four replications. Irrigation with treated wastewater promoted linear increases in forage sorghum yield at irrigation depths of up to 140% of crop evapotranspiration. Mulch promoted a 24% increase in productivity in relation to the area where conservation was not practiced, being able to control salinity while also contributing to the higher incorporation of organic matter. Irrigation with treated wastewater had no negative agronomic impacts on soil, once natural rainfall events typical of the Brazilian semiarid region allowed effective salt leaching from shallow sandy soils.