The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of hesperidin (Hes) on aluminium chloride (AlCl3) induced neurobehavioral and pathological changes in Alzheimeric rats. Intraperitonial injection of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days significantly elevated the levels of aluminium (Al), activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and protein expressions of amyloid precursor protein (APP), β amyloid (Aβ 1-42), β and γ secretases as compared to control group in hippocampus and cortex of rat brain. Hes administration orally along with AlCl3 injection for 60 days, significantly revert the Al concentration, AChE activity and Aβ synthesis-related molecules in the studied brain regions. Our results showed that aluminum exposure was significantly reduced the spontaneous locomotor and exploratory activities in open field test and enhanced the learning and memory impairments in morris water maze test. The behavioral impairments caused by aluminum were significantly attenuated by Hes. The histopathological studies in the hippocampus and cortex of rat brain also supported that Hes (100 mg/kg) markedly reduced the toxicity of AlCl3 and preserved the normal histoarchitecture pattern of the hippocampus and cortex. From these results, it is concluded that hesperidin can reverse memory loss caused by aluminum intoxication through attenuating AChE activity and amyloidogenic pathway.
Results of the present study demonstrated that hesperidin could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of oxidative stress and apoptosis associated neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
Therefore, EoT may be a promising therapy in ameliorating neurotoxicity of aluminum, however further studies are warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of EoT.
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites. They are mainly classified into four major groups, such as flavanols, flavones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. Furthermore, they are divided into some subclasses. They are available in dietary foods and they cure various diseases. Certain plants and spices contain flavonoids, which have been commonly used for thousands of years in traditional medicine. Some of the flavonoids have been clinically used in many countries. Baicalein and its glycosides are one among them to have been experimented clinically. Flavonoids have the capability to regulate cell division and proliferation in an important pathway. They have medicinal activities including anticancer properties. The isoflavone analog rotenone is one of the flavonoid compounds, which has been revealed to be actual anticancer agent. Scutellaria species having flavones retain cytotoxic activities against many human cancer cell lines. At the same time, they do not harm the myeloid cells, normal peripheral and normal epithelial blood cells. Epidemiological studies also confirmed that the intake of dietary flavonoids reduces a risk condition in cancer.
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a successive neurodegenerative disorder in the aged population. Many chemicals and phytochemicals are used to treat AD. Polyphenols which occur widely in various fruits, vegetables, beverages, and some other plant sources are gaining importance in AD treatment. Polyphenols comprise various subcategories, such as phenolic acids, lignans, tannins, stilbenes, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and flavonoids. These compounds, as sole entities or in combination, can be used for treating AD because they have an abundance of antioxidants that are reported to be effective in free radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, and anti-inflammatory activities. Polyphenols of various plant origins have been studied, and these have been supported by in vitro assays and in vivo studies in rodents. These molecules protect neurons against oxidative stress and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins which play a vital role in the pathogenesis of AD. Consumption of wine and other foods rich in polyphenols has a beneficial effect on the neuronal signaling pathways, playing a vital role in shielding neuronal cells from neurodegeneration. Their ability to reduce free radicals and chelate metals is of great advantage. In this review, we highlight the various polyphenols that inhibit neuronal damage and progression of AD while also providing a cure. Some of the polyphenols covered are hesperidin, resveratrol, curcumin, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin. The mechanisms of the actions of three polyphenols are also elaborated.
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