Activating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells and produce clinically relevant response has been a long standing goal of cancer research. Most promising therapeutic approaches of activating antitumor immunity include immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our immune system protect us from disease, killing bacteria and virus. One main type of immune cell called T-cells. T-cells have protein that turn it off. These are called checkpoint. Immune checkpoint are accessory molecules that either promote or inhibit T-cell activation. Checkpoint inhibitor are a type of immunotherapy. They block protein that stops the immune system from attacking the cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitor are a type of monoclonal antibody or targeted treatment. Immune system cells, such as T-cells and Antigen presenting cells (APCs), defend and protect the body. Immune system play an important role in controlling and eradicating cancer. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated protein 4(CTLA-4) and Programmed cell dealth protein (PD-1) are checkpoint protein which is the negative regulation of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of the target, results in increased activation of immune system.
Human saliva is a clear, slightly acidic biological fluid containing a mixture of secretions from multiple salivary glands, including the parotid, sublingual gland other minor glands beneath the oral mucosa as well as gingival crevice fluid. Salivary diagnostics has evolved into a sophisticated science and serves as a subset of the larger field of molecular diagnostics, now recognized as a central player in a wide variety of biomedical basic and clinical areas. Saliva biomarkers are source of indicators for local, systemic, and infectious disorders. The saliva based microbial, immunologic, and molecular biomarkers offers unique opportunities to bypass the painful invasive procedures such as biopsies and repeated blood draws by utilizing oral fluids to evaluate the condition of diseased individuals. Accurate and reliable early stage disease detection is the benefit of salivary biomarkers. Salivary biomarkers represent a promising non-invasive approach for oral cancer detection also. This review explains about the salivary biomarkers and their diagnostic approaches
Cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for the development, maintenance, and recurrence of peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcer is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in our digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Smoking has an inconsistent effect on gastric acid secretion, but it does have other effects on upper gastrointestinal function that could contribute to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. The purpose of the study was to assess the role of cigarette smoking in ulcer. An online prospective questionnaire based survey was carried out in 100 individuals who were selected in random and their responses were recorded and the results were analysed. The present study suggests that now, most ulcer perforations may arise among individuals (especially mens) aged above 25 are caused by smoking. We found a very strong association between current cigarette smoking and ulcer perforation from these survey
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