Water supply quality, nutrient availability in irrigation solutions, and discharge water or effluents must be monitored for protected cultivation to achieve sustainable management of food production. This study aimed to evaluate whether effluent solution from mini-tomato-protected crops can be recycled in an irrigation system based on plant nutritional demands. The experiment was carried out on a farm with mini-tomato protected-cropping. Water supply, as well as nutrient and effluent solutions, were analyzed in the experiment. Water supply was within the Brazilian limits established by CONAMA, except for nitrite, phosphorus, and sulfide. The effluent solution showed significant concentrations of macro-and micronutrients, highlighting phosphorus (220 to 395 mg L -1 ). The replacement of nutrient solution in the central fertigation tank, excess of elements applied in the nutrient solution, and accumulation of effluent solution in the disposal tank kept the effluent solution enriched when compared to the nutrient solution initially applied. Water quality monitoring showed that effluent solution can be reused in the irrigation system based on its physicochemical parameters and mini-tomato tomato nutritional demands. The analyses also allowed us to detect control points to achieve food production sustainability.
Spatial and temporal monitoring of temperature and relative humidity is essential for greenhouse management, therefore, wireless sensor networks (WSN) can offer crucial advantages. The objective of this work was to use a WSN to characterize and map the horizontal and vertical variability of air temperature and relative humidity inside a greenhouse using five different configurations. The configurations were based on combinations between the following actuating mechanisms: i) mechanical ventilation (by two exhaust fans); ii) natural ventilation (through the roof vent openings); iii) shading through the use of thermo-reflective screen. The WSN was designed with 45 spatially distributed measuring points, and the air temperature and relative humidity were recorded automatically every 30 seconds, for ten consecutive days, for each configuration. Our results show that the horizontal and vertical homogeneity of the meteorological elements depends on the actuating mechanism used in the greenhouse. Mechanical ventilation approximated the temperature and relative humidity of the indoor and outdoor air, with a homogeneous horizontal distribution throughout the environment. Opening the roof vent reduced vertical gradients of temperature and relative humidity. Our observations also showed that the combination of the use of roof vent openings with mechanical ventilation is an effective way to achieve horizontal homogeneity of meteorological elements.
Currently, in fish farms, the controls of the physical characteristics of the fishes, for example, size and mass are made by means of the operation of fish removal, in which the tanks are emptied to capture the animals and perform the biometry. This operation demands large volumes of water and generates effluent containing high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients that can contribute to the deterioration of water quality in the recipient bodies. Therefore, the development of technologies that use digital image processing, such as the moiré technique and image analysis, can be important allies for the preservation of environmental quality by avoiding the fish removal and the discharge of effluents, increasing productivity due to optimization of the time and still the saving of water. To obtain the images a 9-liter glass aquarium, a support for notebook and light projector, a digital camera brand Samsung Galaxy Camera 2 were used. The objective of this work was to obtain the three-dimensional reconstruction of live fish in aquariums. In the future, the technique can be developed to obtain the mass and the volume of the fish in fish tanks, replacing the fish removal, allowing the preservation of water resources.
Tomato cultivation in a protected environment is an important tool for increasing yield, quality, and regularity of production. However, nutrient imbalance in this production system can lead to short-and long-term losses. This study aimed to characterize plant growth and nutrient accumulation and export of two tomato hybrids of the Salad ('Stella TY') and Italian ('HS 1188') groups in a protected environment and determine the accumulated thermal sum. The treatments consisted of evaluation times. Dry mass and nutrient accumulation could be determined by a sigmoidal non-linear model for both hybrids grown in the protected environment. The cumulative nutrient order was K > Ca
Microgreens have a high nutrient density and are beneficial to human health. Even though this class of vegetables have gaining increasing levels of attention in the last year, scientific research on the growth of microgreens in controlled environments under artificial lighting have not been thoroughly characterized. By describing the scientific outputs focused on the impacts of artificial illumination on microgreens, especially from the first two decades of the 21st century, it is therefore possible to detect advancements and research gaps in this research field. This review is divided in two parts: first, a general overview of the scientific production about microgreens; second, a systematic review of scientific studies exploring artificial lighting on the production of microgreens. The overview of scientific production on microgreens and artificial lighting across the Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo databases, from 2000 to 2021, respectively, indicated three phases, as before 2011 no paper was found: phase 1 (2012 to 2014), six papers; phase 2 (2015 to 2018), fifteen papers; and phase 3 (2019 to 2021), forty-six papers, respectively. Mustard was the most evaluated crop under all production stages. With regard to the second part of this review, studies on artificial lighting with fluorescent lamps (high-pressure sodium light bulbs—HPS), from the supplementation to the replacement of HPS lighting with light emitting diode (LED) lamps, and plant responses with respect to light properties comprise the main works identified. Studies on the distribution of environmental factors under controlled microgreen cultivation present research gaps.
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