Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a main cause of dementia, accounting for up to 75% of all dementia cases. Pathophysiological processes described for AD progression involve neurons and synapses degeneration, mainly characterized by cholinergic impairment. This feature makes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEi) the main class of drugs currently used for the treatment of AD dementia phase, among which galantamine is the only naturally occurring substance. However, several plant species producing diverse classes of alkaloids, coumarins, terpenes, and polyphenols have been assessed for their anti-AChE activity, becoming potential candidates for new anti-AD drugs. Therefore, this mini-review aimed to recapitulate last decade studies on the anti-AChE activity of plant species, their respective extracts, as well as isolated compounds. The anti-AChE activity of extracts prepared from 54 plant species pertaining 29 families, as well as 36 isolated compounds were classified and discussed according to their anti-AChE pharmacological potency to highlight the most prominent ones. Besides, relevant limitations, such as proper antioxidant assessment, and scarcity of toxicological and clinical studies were also discussed in order to help researchers out with the bioprospection of potentially new AChEi.
BackgroundRhinosporidiosis is a rare chronic infection of the mucous membranes caused by the Rhinosporidium seeberi. Approximately 15% of cases of rhinosporidiosis are ocular, occurring mainly in the tarsal conjunctiva. There are only 11 cases of scleral melt with staphyloma formation associated with bulbar conjuctival oculosporidiosis and none of them was associated with partial regression of the scleral ectasia after a corneoscleral tectonic graft.Case presentationa 13-year-old girl with a progressively increasing black mass in the upper nasal part above the cornea of the left eye. The biomicroscopy revealed an oval, bluish mass measuring 10x10x5 mm with congestion of the overlying conjunctiva. Conjunctival biopsy showed sporoblasts of Rinosporidium seeberi. Treatment was conducted by conjunctival resection and tectonic corneoscleral graft (13x13mm) over the staphyloma. Within 1 year of follow-up the patient presented a partial staphyloma reduction, 9x9x2.5 mm, and the patch detached from the lesion. A novel surgical approach was done reducing the corneal patch and no recurrence was seen after 9 months.ConclusionsThis case is one of the largest anterior scleral staphylomas secondary to rhinosporidiosis described in the literature. Scleral anterior staphyloma partial regression is an unusual outcome after a tectonic corneoscleral graft. Infection resolution and graft covering of thinned area contributed to scleral reepithelization.
| This review aims to caution ophthalmologists about the ocular consequences leading to the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. In addition, in this context, the effects of old and new drugs are discussed in the ophthalmological setting. The importance of early diagnosis and the curative treatment of the disease has been reported in the national and international literature, demonstrating that its progression has important implications for daily clinical and surgical ophthalmological practice. Despite the scarcity of studies on new direct-acting antiviral drugs, fewer side effects of these drugs have been shown when compared with conventional interferon treatment with or without ribavirin. The ophthalmologist's risk of becoming infected, as demonstrated by the presence of the virus in ocular structures, and the possibility of contamination, is also discussed.Keywords: Hepatitis C/ complications; Hepatitis C/drug therapy; Interferon/therapeutic use; Direct-acting antiviral drugs RESUMO | Esta revisão objetiva alertar os oftalmologistas sobre as consequências oculares que levam ao diagnóstico da infecção pelo vírus da Hepatite C. Além disso, neste contexto, os efeitos de drogas antigas e novas são discutidos no cenário oftalmológico. A importância do diagnóstico precoce e do tratamento curativo da doença tem sido relatada na literatura nacional e internacional, demonstrando que sua progressão tem implicações importantes para a prática oftalmológica diária. Apesar da escassez de estudos sobre novos medicamentos antivirais de ação direta, foram demonstrados menos efeitos colaterais desses medicamentos quando comparados ao tratamento convencional com interferon, com ou sem ribavirina associado ou não à rivabirina. O risco do oftalmologista de se infectar, como demonstrado pela presença do vírus nas estruturas oculares, e a possibilidade de contaminação, também é discutido.Descritores: Hepatite C/complicações; Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico; Interferon/uso terapêutico; Drogas antivirais de ação direta
A síndrome de Horner, um distúrbio associado a lesão ipsilateral da via simpática, é uma complicação rara da canulação na veia jugular interna (VJI). Dependendo da intensidade da lesão e da localização, o dano pode ser irreversível, mesmo em crianças pequenas.
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