The research intends to detect sources of contamination by Yersinia enterocolitica in the abattoir flowchart and endeavors to study its relation with the contamination in the farm. For this purpose, sixty pigs were followed up. In order to carry out the study, samples of faeces were collected from the animal farm, where the animals were originally kept and from the abattoir, directly from the animal’s rectum, after desensitization. Additionally, samples were also collected from the carcass, after passage into the hair removal machine, after evisceration, prior to entry into the cold chambre, from the jowls, and water of the scald tank, before the commencement of the abattoir as well as after the passage of the animals. Further, the isolates were obtained through microbiological analyzes, upon being identified by PCR and compared via rep-PCR. Basically, Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from three bays in the original farm (20 %) and from 20 samples (6.67 %), obtained in the abattoir flowchart. Comparison made via rep-PCR revealed that the contaminated pigs on the farm could carry the microorganism to different points in the abattoir flowchart. However, apart from the farm, other sources of the contamination were reported to be more frequent and diverse. Indeed, the chins and the carcass at the entrance of the cold chamber were identified as the most critical points. Therefore, we concluded that Y. enterocolitica present in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs on the farm, cannot be eliminated throughout theabattoir flowchart and remain in the chambers intended for the cold room.

This review aimed to describe the biofilm formation ability of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, addressing its impact to the food industry. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus have the ability to produce enterotoxins in food, making it an important line of study, as it constitutes a risk to public health. The biofilm formation by these microorganisms requires physicochemical processes, such as hydrophobic forces, which are essential for the first phase of fixing the biofilm on the surface. In industrial facilities, stainless steel equipment is the most associated with the formation of biofilms, due to the presence grooves and cracks. Many species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus produce biofilm, but the most studied is S. epidermidis, as it is the most frequently isolated from food. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus form biofilm on different surfaces in the food industry, and can become a source of permanent contamination, that can be present in the final product, intended for human consumption. Among other alternatives to combat the formation of biofilm in industrial food facilities, there is the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices, which is effective in preventing bacterial adhesion, and therefore, the formation of biofilm. However, further studies are needed in order to quantify the occurrence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus biofilms in the food industry.

The objective of this study was to characterize the genotype and phenotype of S. aureus isolates from pork sausages. Fifty samples of pork sausages were collected, counts of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were made and isolates were obtained to identify S. aureus species. In the isolates, the presence of genes sea, seb, sec, and sed was surveyed, the methicillin-resistance was assessed and the production of biofilm in Congo red agar, stainless steel, polyethylene, glass, and pork casing was tested. The capacity of biofilm formation was assessed after the exposure to sublethal stress. Of the samples tested, 12% had counts superior to what is permitted by the legislation. S. aureus was isolated in 44% of the samples. Of these, 54% had only the gene sed and 32% had genes sec and sed, 73% were classified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Of the MRSA isolates, 62% had only gene sed and 35% had both genes found in this study. Regarding the biofilm formation in Congo red agar, 68% of S. aureus isolates were considered as biofilm formers. After undergoing the sublethal stress, most of the biofilm former isolates proceeded to form biofilm and the non-biofilm former isolates responded in a distinct manner. The condition in which the sublethal stress greatly induced the biofilm formation was the cold. Biofilm production was observed only in the stainless steel and pork casing in 71% and 57% of the isolates tested, respectively. Thus, we stress the importance of implementing good manufacturing practices within the industry to control microbial contamination and biofilm formation.

The genus Staphylococcus spp. includes bacterial species that are opportunistic pathogens of humans and domestic animals as well. These microorganisms are commonly found on the skin and nasal cavities (Bannerman, 2003). These microorganisms are involved in several cases of food poisoning since some strains produce enterotoxins (Hasan, Hassawi, Al-Daghistani, & Hawari, 2014; Nitzsche, Zweifel, & Stephan, 2007). These enterotoxins are heat resistant. Therefore, once preformed are not eliminated during the thermal processing of food (Carmo et al., 2002) such as pasteurization of milk. Staphylococcal enterotoxins are detectable in food when Staphylococcus aureus counts are above 10 5 CFU/ml or

Pathogens of public health concern shared by domestic and wild animals in a pluriactive farm Patógenos importantes em saúde pública compartilhados por animais domésticos e silvestres em propriedade pluriativa pluriactive farm