The yeast Phaffia rhodozyma is known for producing carotenogenic pigments, commonly used in aquaculture feed formulation as well as in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Despite the high production of carotenoids from microorganisms by biotechnology, their use has limitation due to the cell wall resistance, which constitutes a barrier to the bioavailability of carotenoids. Therefore, there is a need to improve carotenoids recovering technique from microorganisms for the application of food industries. This study aimed to compare mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic techniques of cell disruption for extracting carotenoids produced by P. rhodozyma NRRL Y-17268. Among the techniques studied, the highest specific concentration of carotenoids (190.35 µg/g) resulted from the combined techniques of frozen biomass maceration using diatomaceous earth and enzymatic lysis at pH of the reaction medium of 4.5 at 55 o C, with initial activity of β-1,3 glucanase of 0.6 U/mL for 30 min.
The interest in carotenoid production from natural sources has increased based in their possible use as dyes and their powerful biological antioxidant capacity. This study evaluated the use of rice parboiling wastewater (RPW) as an alternative substrate for the bioproduction of carotenoids using the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and found it to be promising as the only source of nutrients, reaching a concentration of 0.6 μg mL -1 (259.1 μg g -1 ) in 48 h. To increase the potential use of this industrial effluent, a study of supplementation was carried out to enhance the production of carotenoids using the methodology of experimental design (a 2 IV 6-2 fractional factorial design sequenced by a 2 4 central composite design). The conditions for maximizing the production of carotenoids were (g L -1) malt extract (16.25), peptone (8.75), sucrose (15) and rice parboiling wastewater (87.5), with a pH of 5 at 25 °C and 150 rpm for 144 h, which produced a concentration 5.3 μg mL -1 (628.8 μg g -1 ).Index terms: Biodye; submerged cultive; response surface methodology; yeast.
RESUMOO interesse pela produção de carotenoides por fontes naturais é crescente, em decorrência da possibilidade de atuar como corante e sua capacidade antioxidante biológica potente. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o uso da água de parboilização do arroz, como substrato alternativo para a bioprodução de carotenoides, usando a levedura Phaffia rhodozyma que, como única fonte de nutrientes, foi promissora, alcançando 0,6 µg mL -1 (259,1 µg g -1
SummarySearch for naturally grown food has stimulated the biotechnological production of carotenoids. Therefore, the use of the yeast Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous has been researched due to its abilities to assimilate diff erent sources as substrates and to produce high amounts of carotenoids. Furthermore, alternative sources have been used as the culture medium to reduce costs and environmental impact. A potent carotenoid is astaxanthin in view of its health-promoting and antioxidative properties. It consists of diff erent geometrical isomers with trans and cis confi guration. In X. dendrorhous this carotenoid is mostly found in the trans form, but cis isomers can also be found. Carotenoid production was investigated in culture medium containing by-products such as raw glycerol (from biodiesel) and parboiled rice effl uent. The eff ects of the culture medium components on biomass concentration and specifi c and volumetric productions of carotenoids were verifi ed by the Plackett -Burman design. Cultivations were carried out with yeast Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous NRRL Y-17268 at 25 °C and 150 rpm for 168 h. In this study, maximum production of carotenoids was obtained under the following conditions (in g/L): raw glycerol 10, glucose 10, yeast extract 10, malt extract 10 and peptone 1 at pH=6. Resulting specifi c and volumetric productions of carotenoids were 326.8 and 4.1 μg/g, respectively.
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