Micelles composed of mixed surfactants with different structures (mixed micelles) are of great theoretical and industrial interest. This work pertains to maximizing interfacial tension (IFT) reduction via surfactant pairs. In this respect, four types of fatty acid amides based on lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids were blended with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid at a molar ratio of 4:1 and designated as A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 , respectively. The IFT was measured for each blend at different concentrations using Badri crude oil. The most potent formula (A 4 ) was evaluated for using in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The IFT was tested in the presence of different electrolyte concentrations with different crude oils at different temperatures. Finally several runs were devoted to study the displacement of Badri crude oil by A 4 surfactant solution using different slug sizes of 10, 20, and 40% of pore volume (PV). The study reveled that Badri crude oil gave ultra-low IFT at lowest surfactant concentration and 0.5% of NaCl. The recovery factor at a slug size of 20% PV was 83% of original oil in place compared with 59% in case of conventional water flood.Paper no. JSD1079 in JSD 2, 201-205 (April 1999). KEY WORDS:Enhanced oil recovery, ethoxylation, interfacial tension, nonionic surfactants, and water solubility. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThis work briefly discusses some of the advantages of using blended surfactants, notably enhanced mobility con-FIG. 4. Effect of temperature on IFT between Badri crude oil and A 4 at optimal surfactant concentration and optimal salinity. See Figure 1 for abbreviation. 204 M. EL-BATANONEY ET AL. FIG. 6. Effect of surfactant slug size on oil recovery by surfactant water flood: ■ at 1 pore volume (PV), ▲ at 2 PV, × at 3 PV on Badri crude oil at 1% of blend A 4 and 0.5% of NaCl. FIG. 5. IFT vs. surfactant concentration of A 4 with different types of crude oils: ◆ Badri, ■ Ras Fanar, ▲ ▲ Belayiem crude oil at 30°C and 0% NaCl. See Figure 1 for abbreviation.
Soils polluted by waste lubricant oils may affect the hydrosphere compromising the quality of drinking water resources and threatening the aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study focused to remove waste-lubricant oils from different polluted sites in El-Minia governorate. In this respect some samples were collected from four different industrial sites and identified as sand, loamy sand, clay loam and loam. Then the field conditions were simulates using two experimental models packed with contaminated soil. The remediation processes carried out in both models using surfactant enhanced by air injection then by water washing. The parameters such as soil type, soil heterogeneity, time and washing process was investigated. The results indicated that the high efficiency of oil removal is obtained from sand where the clay loam gives the worst results. The results also reveal that, the high flushing and washing duration time can be attributed to the high percentage of mud in some sites over other sites. This means that the performance of surfactant flushing/water washing can be adversely affected by geologic heterogeneity. Finally, it's suitable to use pressurized liquid technologies in heterogeneous media, but cleanup times will be longer and more difficult than for the other similar homogeneous media.
Résumé -Rémédiation de pollution par l'huile par des déchets plastiques -Deux problèmes écologiques sont considérés dans ce travail. Un des problèmes est de trouver une application utile des déchets de plastiques, polyéthylène (PE) et polypropylène (PP), qui augmentent jour après jour partout dans le monde. Le deuxième problème est la rémédiation de pollution par l'huile dans des environnements aquatiques. Nous avons utilisé le PE et les poudres feuilles de PP pour absorber l'huile dans de l'eau, par simple contact pendant quelques minutes. L'effet sur l'activité des polymères de soumettre les poudres et les feuilles à une faible dose de radiation γ (3 Mrad) a été étudiée. L'examen des polymères avant et après absorption d'huile par calorimétrie différentielle (DSC) et par microscope électronique de balayage (MEB) a permis d'éclaircir les comportements de ces polymères. Abstract -Adsorption of Spilled Oil from Seawater by Waste Plastic -Two environmental problems are encountered in this work. A solution of one problem is to find a useful application of the waste plastics; polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), which increases day after day all over the world.The second problem is the oil spill in aquatic locations. We used PE and PP waste powders and sheets to sorb the oil from water, via simple contacting for few minutes. The effect of subjecting the powders and sheets to a low dose of γ-irradiation (3 Mrad) on the activation of the current polymers was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations of the neat and oil sorbing polymers were performed to throw light on the behaviours of these polymers.
Surfactants enhanced air sparging actually acts to displace the organic contaminant entrapped in soil pores. In this work, a comparison study was carried out between two air-flushing modes, namely, continuous air flushing and pulsed air flushing, which was conducted to remediate soil contaminated with waste-lubricant oil. Therefore, coarse sand was artificially polluted and mixed well with waste-lubricant oil at different concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 wt% to give the soil an oil blend. Then a laboratory glass column was established and backed with contaminated soil to study the effect of flow rate, pollutant and surfactant concentrations on the removal of waste-lubricant oil from soil. The contaminated soil was washed with pure water and flushed with both air-flushing modes at a pressure of 2 kPa and flow rate of 6 L min-1. After that fixed 300 mL nonionic surfactant solutions (NPEO 9.3) at concentrations of 3, 5 and 7 wt%, were poured individually along with air injection at the same pressure and flow rate. The treated soil was washed several times with pure water to eliminate the residual surfactant solutions. It was found that water washing and air injection remove 27 % of oil; however, air injection along with surfactant solutions increased the oil removal efficiency up to 90 %. Moreover, both air-flushing modes succeeded in removing the pollutant with majority to pulsed air mode over continuous mode; therefore, pulsed air flushing was applied for 25 and 50 wt% waste lubricant oils in presence of 3 wt% nonionic surfactant.
The northwestern part of Suez Gulf region is a strategic area in Egypt. It includes important sources of national income. To achieve the development goals, the government has established huge projects in this area (e.g. establishment and expanding of a large commercial port at Ain Sokhna, many industrial zones as well as tourism projects). The utilization of the Suez Gulf resources and their continuing development mainly depend on the creation of actual pollution control programs. The environmental quality control and pollution reduction activities are important ingredients of any economic development program. These different activities in this area depend mainly on the groundwater that is pumped intensively from different water bearing formations or aquifers. The main objective of the present work is compiling the previous studies from the 1980s up to 2015. These studies are concerned with estimating the concentrations of different pollutants in various ecosystems in the northwestern Suez Gulf region. Also, to provide an explanation for the movement of different pollutants such as organic and heavy metals from contaminated land to ground and surface (Gulf) waters. This issue has not been extensively surveyed before, and this review, gives specific directions for future monitoring and remediation strategies in this region.
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