Abstract. Kolia WSK, Sunarto, Widiyani T. 2021. The infection of ectoparasitic protozoa on farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at three reservoirs in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1975-1980. There is an expansion of fish culture in Indonesia, but there is a dearth of information on the parasitic infecting cultured fish. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of ectoparasitic protozoans on farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at three reservoirs (i.e., Cengklik, Mulur, and Gajah Mungkur) in Central Java, Indonesia, and to determine the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of such parasites. A total of 189 samples were collected from different cages. The sex of the fishes was determined and their lengths and weights were measured. The gills, fins, and skin were examined for ectoparasitic protozoa using a light microscope. Among the examined fishes, 146 samples were infected at the rate of 77.2 %. Mulur reservoir had the highest prevalence rate with 90.4%, followed by Cengklik and Gajah Mungkur with 82.5 % and, 58.7%, respectively. We found female fishes were more susceptible to the infection than males. Seven parasite species were identified, namely: Tetrahymena corlissi, Apiosoma spp., Trichodina spp., Cryptobia spp., Chilodonella spp., Ambiphrya spp., and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The protozoan parasite Trichodina spp. recorded the highest prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance among all the other protozoan species at the three reservoirs. The results provided a significant difference at (p<0.01) in the total number of parasites among the reservoirs. Despite the parasite infection, the physical and chemical parameters of the water of the three reservoirs were within the recommended range for the culture of Nile tilapia under the cage systems.
Karika (<em>Carica pubesce</em><em>ns</em>)is a typical plant of the Dieng plateau. Previous study showed that <em>Carica</em><em>pubescens</em>contains chemical compound such as flavonoid that play role in analgesic activity. This study was aimed to determine the analgesic activity of etanolic extracts of karika leaves) in vivo using writhing method. The study was conducted on 25 male mice strain Swiss-Webster (20-30 g, 2-3 months) that were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group I was given distilled water 1 mL (p.o) as negative control, group II was given tramadol 50 mg/kgBW (p.o) as positive control, and group III-V received an etanolic extracts of karika leaves in 3 doses, i.e. 20 mg/kgBW, 40 mg/kgBW, and 80 mg/kgBW (p.o), respectively. Acetic acid 0,5% (v/v) was used as pain inductor. The writhe was observed within 1 hour. Data analysis was carried out by using one way ANOVA. The result showed that the ethanol extract of leaves Karika <em>(Carica </em><em>pubescens)</em> have activity as an analgesic at a dose of 20 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg and 80 mg / KgBW (p <0.05), chemically induced, where a dose of 80 mg / KgBW (p.o) produce the most high analgesic activity.
The physical growth that occurs in schoolage children makes this period one of the most important phases in the human life cycle. Within this period, puberty is indicated by growth spurts that increase both stature (BH) and bodyweight (BW). The focus of this research was to evaluate the age-related body size variation in Sasak children living at different altitudes on the island of Lombok, Indonesia: low, medium, and high. Our results showed that children living at low altitude were taller and heavier than children of the same age living at medium and high altitudes. Up until the onset of puberty, the children at medium altitude have similar stature and weight to those residing at high altitude, but they are shorter and lighter thereafter. There were significant differences in the height and weight of girls in different altitude locations, but no significant difference for boys. The effect of SES on child growth can be comparison between Sasak and other populations in Indonesia. In general, the Sasak children are shorter and lighter than children of the same age in urban populations, and relatively similar in size to the children in rural populations. Indicators of socioeconomic status such as family income and parental education were shown to be more influential factors in the differentiation of physical growth between populations than the altitude factor
The purpose of this study was to determine the phenolic content of red ginger, determine the effect on lipid profile and body weight. Total phenolic levels were measured by using UV/Vis spectrophotometry with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, at absorbance 760 nm wavelength. Hypercholesterolemia rat lipid profile was conducted in vivo by using a kit from Dyasis. Data was analyzed statistically with Two Way ANOVA. Rats were divided into 5 treatment groups with different of red ginger extract (0, 200, 350, 500 mg/kg bw, and simvastatin 7.2 mg/kg bw). Before the treatment of red ginger extract or simvastatin, rats were induced a high fat diet for 28 days. The treatment of red ginger extract and simvastatin were carried out for 2 weeks. The phenolic content of red ginger extract is 5194.15 ± 264.1 μg/g. The results of in vivo test showed that red ginger extract had a significant effect on lipid profile and body weight changes in hyperlipidemia rats at dose 200 mg/kg bw. Doses 200 mg/kg bw is not significantly different (p>0.05) to positive control group (simvastatin 7.2 mg/kg bw). Total cholesterol levels decreases 47.9%, LDL 32.7% and triglycerides 64.3% and HDL increases 25.8%.
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