(1) Background: Rotavirus and norovirus infections are the primary viral causes of childhood diarrhea. In Ukraine, the diarrhea-linked infant mortality rate is low, but the number of children infected is quite high. This study examined the rates of rotavirus and norovirus infections throughout Ukraine. (2) Methods: Fecal samples for children admitted to hospitals in six Ukrainian cities (Kyiv, Lviv, Sumy, Odesa, Kharkiv, and Uman) were tested for the presence of rotavirus and norovirus. (3) Results: The overall rate of hospitalized children suffering from diarrhea with confirmed presence of rotavirus or norovirus in fecal samples was significant (20.67% and 27.94%, respectively). Samples obtained from children from Lviv had significantly higher rates of the viruses, and Kyiv and Uman had significantly lower rotavirus or norovirus detection levels than expected. (4) Conclusion: Childhood diarrhea impacts Ukraine significantly. The economic and societal effects of the failure to address this public health issue are indicated by the hospitalization rate of children with preventable illnesses. The geographical disparities in Ukraine for child hospitalizations caused by rotavirus and norovirus infections could result from environmental (sanitary factors or water purity issues) or social factors. Further research is needed to completely characterize infant viral infections in Ukraine.
The use of antibiotics is becoming increasingly limited. This is mainly due to the development of resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and, over time, more and more bacteria will become resistant to antimicrobials. This problem inevitably leads to the conclusion that studies into alternative methods of combating pathogens, which are necessary to develop sufficiently reliable and effective therapies for bacterial infections, are indispensable. This review highlights some recent developments in conventional antibiotic and non-antibiotic treatment strategies. It has been shown that traditional antibacterial targets include derivatives of known antibiotic classes, new chemical classes with new targets, as well as unknown or undefined agents with unclear targets. Promising strategies for combating microbial pathogens have been identified, including new targets, namely, toxin secretion systems, biofilm formation, and adhesion mechanisms that affect quorum sensing of microbial populations. In addition, it is important to use new antimicrobial agents with other, non-antibiotic, mechanisms of action: phage and phage-derived peptides, microbiota-modulating therapies, and enhancing immune response.
Recently, interest in lactobacilli lysates is growing, and the possibilities of their use cover more and more areas of human life – medicine, immunoprophylaxis, cosmetology, food industry. The article presents a method of obtaining bacterial lysates of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus genus. As a destructive agent used dry lytic enzyme preparation сytal-Rk G-10X, obtained under conditions of experimental fermentation from the culture fluid Streptomyces albus UN44. The complex lytic preparation сytal-Rk contains a group of enzymes glycosidases and peptidases, the joint action of which leads to the degradation of the cell wall of a wide range of bacteria. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of Cytal-Rk for the degradation of six strains of lactobacilli is presented. It is shown that the enzyme is an effective destructive agent under optimal conditions. The degree of cell degradation depended on their species, hydrolysis conditions and physical condition. Optimal conditions for obtaining hydrolysates based on native and lyophilized cells of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB86 was develop. When loading the microbial mass in the reaction medium – 1×109 CFU/ml (for native cells) and 1×1010 CFU/ml (for lyophilized cells) cell destruction reached almost 80% and 90%, respectively. Based on native Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB86 lysates were obtained and their comparative chemical analysis was performed. Sublimated cells were shown to be more sensitive to the enzyme complex and to contain more proteins and reducing sugars. Native cell lysates were more enriched in nucleic acids. Lysate of lactic acid bacteria from native cells was studied to moisturize the skin of the hands of young people aged 18–20 years. When using lysate in the cream base, it significantly increased the level of hydration of the dermis of the hands compared to the control cream base. This allows us to consider the lysate of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB86 as a promising ingredient for creating cosmetics with moisturizing action.
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