A significant number of immigrants fail to realise their full potential in the US labour markets, as evidenced by those working in occupations requiring skill levels far below their own level of education. While previous studies have studied immigrant underemployment with a focus on individual labour force characteristics, the spatial dimensions of immigrant underemployment have been largely overlooked. Using microdata from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey and a multilevel research design, this study examines the interaction of metropolitan labour market characteristics with individual labour force’s underemployment experiences, and explores how these interaction effects differ between the foreign-born and the native-born. Results suggest that the probability of individual labour force’s underemployment within any metropolitan area is highly contingent on metropolitan labour market characteristics including ethnic diversity, the proportion of its foreign-born population, the economic structure, and the level of educational attainment of the labour force, in addition to individual characteristics.
Here, a comparative toxicity assessment of precursor carbon dots from coffee waste (cofCDs) obtained using green chemistry principles and Gd-doped nanohybrids (cofNHs) was performed using hematological, biochemical, histopathological assays in vivo (CD1 mice, intraperitoneal administration, 14 days), and neurochemical approach in vitro (rat cortex nerve terminals, synaptosomes). Serum biochemistry data revealed similar changes in cofCDs and cofNHs-treated groups, i.e. no changes in liver enzymes' activities and creatinine, but decreased urea and total protein values. Hematology data demonstrated increased lymphocytes and concomitantly decreased granulocytes in both groups, which could evidence inflammatory processes in the organism and was confirmed by liver histopathology; decreased red blood cell-associated parameters and platelet count, and increased mean platelet volume, which might indicate concerns with platelet maturation and was confirmed by spleen histopathology. So, relative safety of both cofCDs and cofNHs for kidney, liver and spleen was shown, whereas there were concerns about platelet maturation and erythropoiesis. In acute neurotoxicity study, cofCDs and cofNHs (0.01 mg/ml) did not affect the extracellular level of L-[14C]glutamate and [3H]GABA in nerve terminal preparations. Therefore, cofNHs demonstrated minimal changes in serum biochemistry and hematology assays, had no acute neurotoxicity signs, and can be considered as perspective biocompatible non-toxic theragnostic agent.
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