The problem of mass transfer of landscape is an important and urgent problem which has actively been elaborated during the last several decades. In particular, the problem of interaction between two-phase wind flow and landscape vegetation is a key to understanding the evolution of landscape morphology, pollution distribution and soil erosion. In this context the mathematical modeling of mass transfer processes within complex environments is an advanced tool necessary for better understanding of environmental processes. In this article, a mathematical model describing the processes of mass transfer on an inhomogeneous surface in a porous environment has been developed and theoretically investigated. The mechanical impact of boundary surfaces and porous environment structure on a mass transfer process has been considered and included into the model. The mass source function adapted to the specific inhomogeneous domain has been developed and investigated. In this paper we develop a formal framework to reflect correctly the problem of landscape mass transfer within the vegetation by incorporating it into a formal system with a reduced number of dependent variables and simplified boundary conditions. We develop a mathematical model of mass transfer process realized on an inhomogeneous boundary surface. The mechanical impact of boundary surface on the mass transfer process has been considered and taken into account. The mechanical impact of porous environment structure on mass transfer process has also been considered and taken into account. The substance source function has been developed here.
The climate and soil conditions have a significant impact on sunflower yields. Sunflower yield dynamics in the Central European mixed forests (Polissya) and Eastern European forest-steppe ecoregions in Ukraine from 1991 to 2017 was proved to fit a log-logistic model most adequately. The model has four characteristic parameters: the Lower Limit indicates the lowest level of yield over the study period; the Slope indicates the rate of yield increase over time; the ED50 is the time required to reach half of the maximum yield level and simultaneously the point with the highest rate of yield increase; the Upper Limit shows the highest yield level. The parameters of the yield model are used to meaningfully interpret the causes of yield dynamics. Edaphoclimatic factors account for 34 to 58% of the variation in the yield trend parameters. The soil texture and soil organic carbon (SOC) predominate among the edaphic factors that determine the variability of sunflower yield. Continentality of climate and degree of temperature variability during the growing season are the main climatic determinants of sunflower yield parameters.
The article focuses on the problem of structure degradation and ecosystem functioning – the urgency that identifies the relevance of operations at a strategic level aimed at providing the integrated assessment of ecological stability of water. Determination of water quality indicators were divided into blocks according to the criteria of salt composition, according to chemical saprobological indicators and the content of specific substances of toxic and radiation action. According to the results of block analysis, the integrated ecological index of water quality was determined by the dependence of water quality on the indicators of ecological stabilization of the landscape and the structure of biotechnical elements. The article determines the relationships between worsening quality of surface waters and stabilization or destabilization of the landscape structure. The research was conducted on medium and large streamflows on the Right Bank of Polesie region of the Dnieper-River cascade within which the tracts of land were identified and the landscape ecological stability (CESL1) and landscape biotechnical elements coefficients (CESL2) were determined. The retrospective analysis was performed of the surface water features on the Right Bank of Polesie region of the Dnieper-River cascade and the main trends in salt block indicators, trophic and saprobiological block indicators, and in the content of toxic and radioactive substances at observation sites were estimated. Based on obtained data, the integrated assessment in trends of surface water quality on the Right Bank of Polesie region of the Dnieper-River cascade was made and the main parameters and scale of stabilization and destabilization of landscape impact on the water quality formation were defined.
The article presents the results of the research on air born technogenic pollution of agrolandscapes as a result of the receipt of non-localized inorganic dust from several industrial enterprises, which are concentrated in a small area (for example, the eastern industrial facilities in Zhytomyr). It has been stated that the activity of these enterprises involves the formation of dust containing high concentrations of Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu. Thus, the article shows the concentration levels of dust in the air at different distances from the source of emission. The role of wind characteristics in dissipation of pollutants within the limits of the given territory is determined. It is proved that dust pollution of the territory causes changes in soil texture. The increase in the fraction of the coarse dust is observed at the distance of up to 250 m, of the medium dust-up to 400 m, of the fine dust-up to 600 m, the content of the smallest fractions increases from 50 and is kept to a height of up to 750 m. Such soil composition near the eastern industrial site possesses a high soil permeability, poor water retention and absorption properties, low water resistance and buffering of pollutants, etc. Therefore, as a result of the redistribution of soil fractions, changes in the humidity regime and humus accumulation occur. It was revealed that the greatest danger in the immediate proximity to the industrial facilities is the formation of copper compounds that comes in coarse dust particles, its highest concentrations are noted in the 1-km zone, where the significant variability of pollution is noted-from 1 to 5 maximum permissible concentration, which determines by the role of wind streams in creating a general picture of pollution. All other investigated groups of pollutants-zinc, lead and manganese compounds-create a hazard in more distant areas, due to their receipt as a fine particle fraction of dust. The loss of these compounds is also marked by variability and heterogeneity within the studied area, which we also associate with variables of wind characteristics. It is these groups of compounds that create the greatest danger for the well-being of agroecosystems surrounding the area of the industrial facilities.
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