In the present article, the patterns of the geographic variability in yields of rye within Polesia and the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented and the correlation of the factors and dynamics of an agroeconomic and agroecological nature was determined. The dynamics of rye yields in the study area over time were determined as being characterized by three extreme points: two local maxima and one local minimum. Specific terms of the polynomial curve of the fourth order can be meaningfully interpreted and applied to describe the dynamics of productivity. Free members of the polynomial indicate culture productivity in the starting period. Dynamics of the productivity that can be explained by the regression indicate that agrotechnological and agrecological conditions of agricultural production are a pervasive factor that determines the presence of a general trend. The determination coefficient of the regression total trend can be interpreted as an indicator of the role of the agrotechnological and agroeconomic factors in the dynamics of productivity. The residue of the trend regression model can be interpreted so as to include the agroecological component of the rye yields dynamics. Their analysis revealed seven key components that together explained 58.4% of the total variability of the space feature. The principal components of vibrational patterns reflect the specific nature of variation of rye yields over time, which are spatially defined. Vibrational effects are environmental in nature. Geographically weighted principal component analysis showed the transience of environmental spatial modes which determine the oscillating component of rye yield variation over time. Spaces within which the structure of ecological interactions remains unchanged can be considered as the basis of agroecological zoning areas.
The climate and soil conditions have a significant impact on sunflower yields. Sunflower yield dynamics in the Central European mixed forests (Polissya) and Eastern European forest-steppe ecoregions in Ukraine from 1991 to 2017 was proved to fit a log-logistic model most adequately. The model has four characteristic parameters: the Lower Limit indicates the lowest level of yield over the study period; the Slope indicates the rate of yield increase over time; the ED50 is the time required to reach half of the maximum yield level and simultaneously the point with the highest rate of yield increase; the Upper Limit shows the highest yield level. The parameters of the yield model are used to meaningfully interpret the causes of yield dynamics. Edaphoclimatic factors account for 34 to 58% of the variation in the yield trend parameters. The soil texture and soil organic carbon (SOC) predominate among the edaphic factors that determine the variability of sunflower yield. Continentality of climate and degree of temperature variability during the growing season are the main climatic determinants of sunflower yield parameters.
We developed the conceptual model of the use of GIS technologies in the activity of natural reserve fund objects on the example of the Chornobyl Radiation-Ecological Biosphere Reserve. The GIS technologies is highly demanded due to the large area of the object, the complexity of the technogenic environment (radiation pollution), and the lack of a single database for the years preceding the creation of the Reserve. Therefore, the creation of the Reserve's geoportal is an important prerequisite for integrated dynamic monitoring of the environment and biodiversity. The functional diagram of the formation and usage of the Reserve spatial database components consists of three units. They are the unit of data filling (attribute information), the received information processing unit (filling layers), and the unit of information usage (cartographic material). At present, we have created the basis for the Chornobyl Radiation-Ecological Biosphere Reserve geoportal. The further filling of the geoportal is provided by the established process of data collection in frameworks of the main proposed thematic blocks: geological structure, topography, climate, water bodies, soils, flora, fauna, ecology, and landscapes’ diversity. The geoportal is the central platform of natural geographic and related information, which will be the key driver and the basis for management decisions in the field of environmental impact assessment, in the allocation of functional zones, zones of special control, delineation of areas of special scientific, security or other interest, planning of monitoring objects, test sites, wildlife migration corridors, etc.
The influence of ions of heavy metals (copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese) was investigated on the basis of trophic characteristics: the average daily ration (ADR), and duration of food passage (DFP) of the Lymnaea stagnalis L. in various concentrations of toxicants in vivisection experiment. In addition to these indicators, the total amount of food consumed in the solutions with various concentrations of pollutants was found out during the chronic experiment and it was calculated for an individual (average monthly ration – AMR). It leads to the conclusions about the intensity of food consuming considering different levels of intoxication. In solutions with lethal concentrations, the death of animals occurs during the first day of its impact due to the damage of tissues and organ systems. Chronic lethal concentrations of toxicants inhibit the nutrition of pond snails dramatically. At the beginning of the experiment, solutions of heavy metals with sublethal concentrations give some stimulatory effect on the digestive system of molluscs that is replaced by its suppression in case of longer being in the toxic environment. The influence of toxicants within a subthreshold limit cannot be considered safe because of the cumulative properties of heavy metals – they become sublethal with prolonged exposure time.
The present study evaluates the relationship between the crops productivity and ecosystem diversity. The spatial variability in ecosystem diversity was measured using the Shannon landscape diversity index and distance from biodiversity hotspots that are nature conservation areas. Three crops were selected for the study: soybeans, sunflowers and winter rye. The initial data included the average crops yields in administrative districts within 10 regions of Ukraine. It was found that the studied crops yield dynamics from the mid-90s of the previous century to the current period could be described by a sigmoid curve (log-logistic model). The parameters of the yield model are the following indicators: the minimum level of yield (Lower Limit); maximum level of productivity (Upper limit); the slope of the model, which shows the rate of change in yields over time; ED50 - the time required to achieve half, from the maximum yield level. Our studies have shown that there is a statistically significant regression relationship between the yield parameters of all the studied crops and biodiversity, even at the landscape level. Among the studied crops, soybean shows the strongest regression relationship between yields and indicators of landscape diversity. Sunflower yield is the least dependent on landscape diversity. Most of the established dependencies are nonlinear, which indicates the existence of an optimal level of landscape diversity to achieve the maximum possible crop yields. Therefore, the obtained patterns can be the basis for land-use planning and management, especially while creating new natural protected areas.
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